Progress in the control of schistosomiasis in Egypt 1985 – 1988

Abstract

Continuing epidemiological evaluation of schistosomiasis intervention measures applied in Middle and Upper Egypt since 1985 indicate that a large measure of control of Schistosoma haematobium has been achieved in relation to both prevalence and intensity of the infection and incidence of new infections. Transmission control has, however, been inadequate in many areas, since numerous re-infections occurred in treated schoolchildren. Variable compliance rates in the chemotherapy delivery system were probably, in part, an important contributory factor, and short-comings of the selective and/or focal mollusciciding strategy were also probably responsible for many new cases and re-infections. Chemotherapy delivery has now been improved following the introduction of single dose treatments with praziquantel and it is expected that there will be an increased demand for treatment following the introduction of a new information-education-communication campaign. In communities with geometric mean egg-output of less than 50 per 10 ml of urine, acceptable control of the potential for development of schistosomal disease can be expected. It is concluded, therefore, that the future maintenance control strategy in this project area may call for more frequent chemotherapy treatments in identified foci of high prevalence and intensity, with complementary focal mollusciciding and/or targeted treatment of schoolchildren, in order to prevent the serious consequences of infection. In 1988 the annual cost of schistosomiasis control measures per person throughout the project area (2 million irrigated feddans (c .800,000 hectares] containing 12 million people) was 0.5 Egyptian pounds (LE) (US$ 0.20), representing 5.2% of the annual expenditure per person in Egypt (LE 9.6) for all health services.

Emergence of Schistosoma mansoni infection in upper Egypt: the Giza governorate.

“…17,18 Schistosoma haematobium prevalence was similar in magnitude to the most recently reported cross-sectional estimates from representative samples in 1993 of Minya (8.9%), 9 Assiut (5.2%), 19 and Qena (5.4%). 20 In Middle and Upper Egypt, S. haematobium has been steadily decreasing for more than a decade 2,17,18,21 and has all but disappeared from the Nile Delta. 4,5 Although the elucidation of this decrease remains to be defined, chronologically, the decrease was first noted almost a decade after the closure of the Aswan High Dam.…”

Molecular approach for detecting early prepatent Schistosoma mansoni infection in Biomphalaria alexandrina snail host

“…The basic life cycle has an alteration of generation with the sexual generation of adult Schistosoma in the definitive vertebrate host and the asexual one in a molluscan host (Webbe and El Hak 1990). Adult S. mansoni live in the bloodstream.…”

Community Health Workers' Experiences and Perspectives on Mass Drug Administration for Schistosomiasis Control in Western Kenya: The SCORE Project

“…Although some school-based programs have extended their treatment coverage to reach out-of-school children, a significant number of school-age children are still not treated, particularly older children and those living far from schools. 5 For that reason, evidence is needed for an intervention approach that enables all children and other risk groups to benefit from treatment to control morbidity and reduce transmission. The community-directed treatment approach has shown good results in the control of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis with respect to treatment coverage using community drug distributors (CDD).…”