Progress in the catalytic glycolysis of polyethylene terephthalate

Xin, Jiayu; Zhang, Qi; Huang, Junjie; Huang, Rong; Jaffery, Quratulain Zahra; Yan, Dongxia; Zhou, Qing; Xu, Junli; Lü, Xingmei

doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113267

Cited by 104 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Many different classes of catalysts have been studied in this reaction. 681,688,727 Without a catalyst, PET glycolysis requires temperatures of 200-240 °C and pressures of 2-6 bar, and high monomer yields are not obtained. 699 In 1991, Chen and coworkers 728 studied the relationship between reaction pressure and EG:PET ratio on depolymerization kinetics.…”

Section: Glycolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Metal acetates were first reported as PET glycolysis catalysts in 1989 and have been widely studied. 727,[729][730] Güçlü and coworkers 731 used xylene to form a multiphase reaction in zinc acetatecatalyzed PET glycolysis with EG at temperatures of 170-245 °C. BHET was pulled into the xylene layer to bias the equilibrium of the depolymerization and prevent oligomer formation, providing monomer in up to 80% yield.…”

Section: Glycolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Expanding Plastics Recycling Technologies: Chemical Aspects, Technology Status and Challenges

Aguirre-Villegas

Allen

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Less than 10% of the plastics generated globally are recycled, while the rest are incinerated, accumulated in landfills, or leach into the environment. New technologies are emerging to chemically recycle waste plastics that are receiving tremendous interest from academia and industry. Chemists and chemical engineers need to understand the fundamentals of these technologies to design improved systems for chemical recycling and upcycling of waste plastics. In this paper, we review the entire life cycle of plastics and options for the management of plastic waste to address barriers to industrial chemical recycling and further provide perceptions on possible opportunities with such materials. Knowledge and insights to enhance plastic recycling beyond its current scale are provided. Outstanding research problems and where researchers in the field should focus their efforts in the future are also discussed.

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Section: Glycolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Glycolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Expanding Plastics Recycling Technologies: Chemical Aspects, Technology Status and Challenges

Aguirre-Villegas

Allen

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The latter is a weakness of the process because used metal-based catalysts, such as zinc acetate, are hard to isolate so they often remain in the final products becoming harmful for human health and the environment. With the aim of overcoming the problem, researchers focus their research on finding more sustainable catalysts, such as ionic liquid [ 37 ] and urea-based deep eutectic solvents [ 38 , 39 ].…”

Section: Thermoplastic Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycled (Bio)Plastics and (Bio)Plastic Composites: A Trade Opportunity in a Green Future

et al. 2022

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Today’s world is at the point where almost everyone realizes the usefulness of going green. Due to so-called global warming, there is an urgent need to find solutions to help the Earth and move towards a green future. Many worldwide events are focusing on the global technologies in plastics, bioplastic production, the recycling industry, and waste management where the goal is to turn plastic waste into a trade opportunity among the industrialists and manufacturers. The present work aims to review the recycling process via analyzing the recycling of thermoplastic, thermoset polymers, biopolymers, and their complex composite systems, such as fiber-reinforced polymers and nanocomposites. Moreover, it will be highlighted how the frame of the waste management, increasing the materials specificity, cleanliness, and a low level of collected material contamination will increase the potential recycling of plastics and bioplastics-based materials. At the same time, to have a real and approachable trade opportunity in recycling, it needs to implement an integrated single market for secondary raw materials.

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“…The main process parameters are the type and concentration of the glycol used as reagent (e.g., ethylene glycol (EG), diethylene glycol (DEG), propylene glycol (PG), dipropylene glycol (DPG) and 1,4-butanediol (BD)), glycolysis time, temperature and pressure [93]. However, the main parameter affecting the depolymerization rate is the type of the catalyst used and several papers have been published on its selection [94]. Typical catalysts are metal acetates, such as Zn, Mn, Co, Pb acetates, metal chlorides, carbonates, bicarbonates and sulphates, Nitrogen-based organocatalysts, polyoxometalates, a wide range of asic, acidic and neutral ionic liquids, deep eytectic solvents, metal oxides (ZnO, Co 3 O 4 , Mn 3 O 4 ), magnetic nanoparticles (γ-Fe 2 O 3 ), Mg-Al hydrotalcites, etc.…”

Section: Chemolysis By Alcoholysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Typical catalysts are metal acetates, such as Zn, Mn, Co, Pb acetates, metal chlorides, carbonates, bicarbonates and sulphates, Nitrogen-based organocatalysts, polyoxometalates, a wide range of asic, acidic and neutral ionic liquids, deep eytectic solvents, metal oxides (ZnO, Co 3 O 4 , Mn 3 O 4 ), magnetic nanoparticles (γ-Fe 2 O 3 ), Mg-Al hydrotalcites, etc. [94].…”

Section: Chemolysis By Alcoholysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Recycling of PET in the Presence of the Bio-Based Polymers, PLA, PHB and PEF: A Review

et al. 2021

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The great increase in the production and consumption of plastics has resulted in large amounts of plastic wastes, creating a serious problem in terms of their environmentally friendly disposal. The need for the production of more environmentally friendly polymers gave birth to the production of biodegradable, and more recently, biobased polymers, used in the production of biodegradable or biobased plastics. Although the percentage of currently produced bioplastics is rather small, almost 1% compared to petrochemical-based plastics, inevitably is going to significantly increase in the near future due to strict legislation recently posed by the European Union and other countries’ Governments. Thus, recycling strategies that have been developed could be disturbed and the economic balance of this sector could be destabilized. In the present review, the recycling of the polymer mainly used in food plastic packaging, i.e., poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET is examined together with its counterparts from the biobased polymers, i.e., poly(lactic acid), PLA (already replacing PET in several applications), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), PHB and poly(ethylene furanoate), PEF. Methods for the chemical recycling of these materials together with the chemical products obtained are critically reviewed. Specifically, hydrolysis, alcoholysis and glycolysis. Hydrolysis (i.e., the reaction with water) under different environments (alkaline, acidic, neutral), experimental conditions and catalysts results directly in the production of the corresponding monomers, which however, should be separated in order to be re-used for the re-production of the respective polymer. Reaction conditions need to be optimized with a view to depolymerize only a specific polymer, while the others remain intact. Alcoholysis (i.e., the reaction with some alcohol, methanol or ethanol) results in methyl or ethyl esters or diesters that again could be used for the re-production of the specific polymer or as a source for producing other materials. Glycolysis (reaction with some glycol, such as ethylene, or diethylene glycol) is much studied for PET, whereas less studied for the biopolymers and seems to be a very promising technique. Oligomers having two terminal hydroxyl groups are produced that can be further utilized as starting materials for other value-added products, such as unsaturated polyester resins, methacrylated crosslinked resins, biodegradable polyurethanes, etc. These diols derived from both PET and the bio-based polymers can be used simultaneously without the need for an additional separation step, in the synthesis of final products incorporating biodegradable units in their chemical structure.

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Progress in the catalytic glycolysis of polyethylene terephthalate

Cited by 104 publications

References 80 publications

Expanding Plastics Recycling Technologies: Chemical Aspects, Technology Status and Challenges

Expanding Plastics Recycling Technologies: Chemical Aspects, Technology Status and Challenges

Recycled (Bio)Plastics and (Bio)Plastic Composites: A Trade Opportunity in a Green Future

Chemical Recycling of PET in the Presence of the Bio-Based Polymers, PLA, PHB and PEF: A Review

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