Progress in the Advancement of Porous Biopolymer Scaffold: Tissue Engineering Application

Abstract

Tissue engineering is a derivative of biomedical engineering, which deals with the repair and regeneration of organs or their tissues. Cell-embedded porous polymeric scaffolds unveil proficiency in rectifying the mechanical trauma of skin, bone erosion, and neurodegenerative diseases like spinal cord injury. Archetypically, pristine cell-based biomaterial scaffolds are utilized; however, investigations over time have validated that incorporation of additives such as silver nanoparticles or bioactive glass augments antimicrobial characteristics in conjunction with cell adherence. An ideal scaffold should exhibit ease of processability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, noncytotoxicity, and excellent mechanical property, and these properties can be achieved with biodegradable polymers. Researchers have extensively explored copious advanced as well as conventional fabrication technologies such as electrospinning, 3D and 4D bioprinting, among others, for contouring of porous polymeric scaffolds in tissue-engineering functions like skin, bone, liver, cardiac, and neural tissue regeneration, which we have consolidated and discussed in the presented Review.

Comprehensive Survey on Nanobiomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications

“…Anitha et al [ 254 ] reported a composite matrix containing crystalline rod-shaped core with uniform amorphous silica sheath (Si–n HA), which showed good biocompatibility, osteogenic differentiation, vascularization, and bone regeneration potential. Silicate containing hydroxyapatite stimulates cell viability of human mesenchymal stem cells for extended proliferation [ 255 ]. Zhou et al [ 256 ] synthesized PLGA–SBA15 composite membranes with different silica contents by electrospinning method; these membranes showed better osteogenic initiation then the pure PLGA membranes.…”

“… Basic principle procedures for tissue engineering. (Adapted with permission from ©2019 American Chemical Society [ 255 ]). …”

Optimization of the Electrospinning Conditions by Box-Behnken Design to Prepare Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)/Chitosan Crosslinked Nanofibers

“…Electrospinning is a promising and versatile technique that is used to fabricate polymeric nanofibers for a wide variety of biomedical applications such as drug delivery systems [1], scaffolds for tissue engineering [2] [3] [4] [5], wound dressing [6]. Fibers produced by electrospinning have controlled dimensions, about a few nanometers, and porosity, which give the produced fibers a high surface area [5] [7].…”

“…Electrospinning is a promising and versatile technique that is used to fabricate polymeric nanofibers for a wide variety of biomedical applications such as drug delivery systems [1], scaffolds for tissue engineering [2] [3] [4] [5], wound dressing [6]. Fibers produced by electrospinning have controlled dimensions, about a few nanometers, and porosity, which give the produced fibers a high surface area [5] [7]. Achieving these characteristics depends on a wide range of factors such as solution parameters (polymer concentration, conductivity and viscosity), process-related parameters (polymer flow rate, distance tip-to-plate, and applied voltage), as well as humidity and temperature [1] [5].…”

“…Fibers produced by electrospinning have controlled dimensions, about a few nanometers, and porosity, which give the produced fibers a high surface area [5] [7]. Achieving these characteristics depends on a wide range of factors such as solution parameters (polymer concentration, conductivity and viscosity), process-related parameters (polymer flow rate, distance tip-to-plate, and applied voltage), as well as humidity and temperature [1] [5]. Due to the inherent properties of the electrospinning process, the arrangement of polymeric fibers can be controlled with the aim of obtaining complex and three-dimensional nanofibers.…”