Progress in Precursor Skills and Front Crawl Swimming in Children With and Without Developmental Coordination Disorder

Case Study of Primitive Reflexes Impact on Swimming Skill Acquisition by Healthy Children

“…Being of the same age, possessing the same level of competence before learning to swim and having attended the same number of lessons, nevertheless, the girl without persistent TLR and less residual reflexes (8%) achieved a better level of swimming proficiency (77%), than the girl with persisting TLR and higher severity of all tested reflexes (25%) who achieved only 33% of possible maximum score. Swimming proficiency consists of many components, including both balance control in horizontal body position and limb coordination (Donaldson et al, 2010;Oh et al, 2011). Those the children ability to coordinate all parts of the body in many different SOCIETY.…”

“…Motor skill learning refers to the cognitive process by which movements are executed more quickly and accurately with practice (Taubert et al, 2010;Landi, Baguear, & Della-Maggiore, 2011). Front crawl and backstroke technique consists of many components including both balance control in (Donaldson, Blanksby, & Heard, 2010;Oh, Licari, Lay, & Blanksby, 2011). Due to complexity, its usually are learned in parts (Blanksby, Parker, Bradley, & Ong, 1995;Oh et al, 2011) in odere to reduce cognitive load on the early stage in learning (Wulf & Shea, 2002;Magill & Anderson, 2016).…”

“…Swimming coachers teach their pupils to perform different components of a stroke separately (e.g., leg kicks, arm pulls, and breathing) before combining them all together to produce the whole pattern of coordination at a later stage of practice. Few studies evidence that the fact thought as structured swimming lessons which are being applied for teaching swimming proficiency in healthy children did not reach a maximum point value (Donaldson et al, 2010;Oh et al, 2011). Researchers suggest that successful swimming skills acquisition in healthy children only depends on age and water experience (Blanksby et al, 1995;Langendorfer et al, 2009).…”

Effects of Teaching Methods on Swimming Skill Acquisition in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder

“…Although there are studies on how children learn to swim Blanksby & Parker, 1997;Erbaugh, 1978Erbaugh, , 1980Erbaugh, , 1986Langendorfer & Bruya, 1995), less research has examined the rate of learning in children with DCD, relative to typically developing children. Donaldson, Blanksby, and Heard (2010) examined progress in precursor skills and front crawl swimming in children with and without DCD. Children with DCD performed at a significantly lower level than age-matched controls for all the water competency tasks and front crawl.…”

“…Thus, greater coordination difficulties might arise in children with DCD trying to learn front crawl than backstroke. Despite the detailed checklists being valid and reliable, it's possible that more precise information of task complexity may be required for assessing front crawl performance (Donaldson et al, 2010).…”