Progress in Myrtaceae genetics and genomics: Eucalyptus as the pivotal genus

Grattapaglia, Dário; Vaillancourt, René E.; Shepherd, Mervyn; Thumma, Bala R.; Foley, William J.; Külheim, Carsten; Potts, Brad M.; Myburg, Alexander Andrew

doi:10.1007/s11295-012-0491-x

Cited by 228 publications

(216 citation statements)

References 372 publications

(364 reference statements)

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“…Our results suggest that a model of genome-wide cumulative effects of many small recessive alleles affecting overall fitness and survival best explains the architecture of inbreeding depression in Eucalyptus. This result is consistent with recent genome-wide selection experiments in Eucalyptus showing that a multifactorial model of a few hundred small effects throughout the genome contribute additively to height growth 25 , in contrast to earlier suggestions of the existence of a relatively small number of loci of larger effect as reported in several biparental QTL mapping studies 26 .…”

Section: Genetic Load and Heterozygositysupporting

confidence: 92%

The genome of Eucalyptus grandis

Myburg¹,

Grattapaglia²,

Tuskan³

et al. 2014

Nature

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Eucalypts are the world's most widely planted hardwood trees. Their outstanding diversity, adaptability and growth have made them a global renewable resource of fibre and energy. We sequenced and assembled .94% of the 640-megabase genome of Eucalyptus grandis. Of 36,376 predicted protein-coding genes, 34% occur in tandem duplications, the largest proportion thus far in plant genomes. Eucalyptus also shows the highest diversity of genes for specialized metabolites such as terpenes that act as chemical defence and provide unique pharmaceutical oils. Genome sequencing of the E. grandis sister species E. globulus and a set of inbred E. grandis tree genomes reveals dynamic genome evolution and hotspots of inbreeding depression. The E. grandis genome is the first reference for the eudicot order Myrtales and is placed here sister to the eurosids. This resource expands our understanding of the unique biology of large woody perennials and provides a powerful tool to accelerate comparative biology, breeding and biotechnology.A major opportunity for a sustainable energy and biomaterials economy in many parts of the world lies in a better understanding of the molecular basis of superior growth and adaptation in woody plants. Part of this opportunity involves species of Eucalyptus L'Hér, a genus of woody perennials native to Australia 1 . The remarkable adaptability of eucalypts coupled with their fast growth and superior wood properties has driven their rapid adoption for plantation forestry in more than 100 countries across six continents (.20 million ha) 2 , making eucalypts the most widely planted hardwood forest trees in the world. The subtropical E. grandis and the temperate E. globulus stand out as targets of breeding programmes worldwide. Planted eucalypts provide key renewable resources for the production of pulp, paper, biomaterials and bioenergy, while mitigating human pressures on native forests 3 . Eucalypts also have a large diversity and high concentration of essential oils (mixtures of mono-and sesquiterpenes), many of which have ecological functions as well as medicinal and industrial uses. Predominantly outcrossers 1 with hermaphroditic animal-pollinated flowers, eucalypts are highly heterozygous and display pre-and postzygotic barriers to selfing to reduce inbreeding depression for fitness and survival 4 .To mitigate the challenge of assembling a highly heterozygous genome, we sequenced the genome of 'BRASUZ1', a 17-year-old E. grandis genotype derived from one generation of selfing. The availability of annotated forest tree genomes from two separately evolving rosid lineages, Eucalyptus (order Myrtales) and Populus (order Malpighiales 5 ), in combination with genomes from domesticated woody plants (for example, Vitis, Prunus, Citrus), provides a comparative foundation for addressing

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Section: Genetic Load and Heterozygositysupporting

confidence: 92%

The genome of Eucalyptus grandis

Myburg¹,

Grattapaglia²,

Tuskan³

et al. 2014

Nature

Self Cite

744

750

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“…and tea-trees (Leptospermum spp.). Of the~5650 Myrtaceae species recorded globally, approximately 2250 species are native to Australia (Grattapaglia et al 2012;Makinson 2014). There are also several endangered ecological communities (e.g.…”

Section: Austropuccinia Psidii Impact In Australiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of the invasive fungusAustropuccinia psidii(myrtle rust) on three Australian Myrtaceae species of coastal swamp woodland

et al. 2017

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Exotic fungal pathogens can substantially affect individuals and populations of susceptible native plant species, potentially resulting in changes in community structure and composition. Austropuccinia psidii (myrtle rust) is a pathogenic fungus native to South America that affects species in the plant family Myrtaceae. The pathogen was introduced accidentally to Australia and first detected in NSW in April 2010. Ecological impacts have been poorly studied in the native range of A. psidii and even less in its Australian introduced range. In order to assess the potential impact of A. psidii on coastal swamp woodland, two glasshouse experiments were conducted using three co-occurring species: Melaleuca quinquenervia, Leptospermum laevigatum and Baeckea linifolia. Plants of each species were grown individually (Experiment 1) and in mixed species assemblages (Experiment 2), with half inoculated with A. psidii and the other half remaining as controls. Infection level was assessed and impact on seedling survival and growth recorded. In both experiments L. laevigatum and M. quinquenervia seedlings were heavily infected and showed high degrees of susceptibility with negative effects on growth (height, biomass and number of leaves). In contrast, no B. linifolia seedling presented visible symptoms of disease, although seedlings showed reduced growth. Melaleuca quinquenervia seedlings had greater infection levels and suffered greater growth reductions than L. laevigatum in both experiments. However, there was no significant difference in the relative abundance of the three species in the mixed-species experiment. This study provides a better understanding of the potential impacts of A. psidii in this vegetation community and has significant implications for the conservation and management of Australian Myrtaceae-dominated plant communities generally.

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“…and E. tereticornis Sm. ) being grown around the world as sources of timber and fibre (Eldridge et al 1993;Grattapaglia et al 2012). Eucalypts are considered Gondwanan in origin (Crisp et al 2011;Gandolfo et al 2011;Hermsen et al 2012;Thornhill and Macphail 2012), forming a minor part of Tertiary Australian rainforests (Hill 1994;Hager and Benson 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenomics of the green ash eucalypts (Myrtaceae): a tale of reticulate evolution and misidentification

Rutherford¹,

Wilson²,

Rossetto³

et al. 2015

Aust. Systematic Bot.

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Abstract. Eucalyptus is a genus that occurs in a range of habitats in Australia, Papua New Guinea, Timor, Sulawesi and the Philippines, with several species being used as sources of timber and fibre. However, despite its ecological and commercial significance, understanding its evolutionary history remains a challenge. The focus of the present study is the green ashes (subgenus Eucalyptus section Eucalyptus). Although previous studies, based primarily on morphology, suggest that the green ashes form a monophyletic group, there has been disagreement concerning the divergence of taxa. The present study aims to estimate the phylogeny of the green ashes and closely related eucalypts (37 taxa from over 50 locations in south-eastern Australia), using genome-wide analyses based on Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT). Results of analyses were similar in topology and consistent with previous phylogenies based on sequence data. Many of the relationships supported those proposed by earlier workers. However, other relationships, particularly of taxa within the Sydney region and Blue Mountains, were not consistent with previous classifications. These findings raise important questions concerning how we define species and discern relationships in Eucalyptus and may have implications for other plant species, particularly those with a complex evolutionary history where hybridisation and recombination have occurred.

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Progress in Myrtaceae genetics and genomics: Eucalyptus as the pivotal genus

Cited by 228 publications

References 372 publications

The genome of Eucalyptus grandis

The genome of Eucalyptus grandis

Impacts of the invasive fungusAustropuccinia psidii(myrtle rust) on three Australian Myrtaceae species of coastal swamp woodland

Phylogenomics of the green ash eucalypts (Myrtaceae): a tale of reticulate evolution and misidentification

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