Progress in Montmorillonite Functionalized Artificial Bone Scaffolds: Intercalation and Interlocking, Nanoenhancement, and Controlled Drug Release

Abstract

Montmorillonite (MMT) has attracted widespread attention in the field of bone tissue engineering in recent years because of its interlayer domain structure. The progress of MMT application was reviewed in this article. Concretely, the application of MMT was mainly explained from the structural characteristics, mechanical strengthening mechanism, organic functionalization, and drug loading and release. Firstly, the polar polymer molecular chains are easily induced into the interlayer domain of MMT to form an interlock and achieve the mechanical strengthening of scaffold. Secondly, the “sandwich” sheet structure of MMT can be exfoliated into graphene-like MMT nanosheets, providing a nanostrengthening effect for polymer matrix. In addition, MMT’s interlayer domain provides a favorable environment for the loading and slow release of drugs, and it is an ideal platform for the functionalization of bone scaffolds. More importantly, MMT can be easily modified by cation exchange and chemical reaction to further improve the compatibility of composites: such as strengthening mechanical interlocking and nanostrengthening effects and achieving controllable loading and release of drugs. It is expected to provide a reference for improving the application of bone tissue engineering scaffolds.

Optimization of Sumatera Bentonite by Ammonium-impregnated as a Coagulant for Cassava Wastewater Treatment

“…The impregnation impacts the transformation of functional group changes from the bentonite, as shown by FTIR spectra in Figure 2. The multi-layer structure of bentonite established numerous octahedra hydroxyl groups indicated by stretching vibration peak at 3396 cm −1 (Li et al, 2022) . The broadening spectrum at 3380 cm −1 of vibration H-O-Si on NH-B was possibly due to the breaking of hydroxyl groups and water molecules in the surface coagulant (Langeroudi and Binaeian, 2018).…”

Ionic Liquid-Intercalated Montmorillonite Interfacial-Reinforced Polymer Composite Scaffold

“…In recent years, the addition of montmorillonite (MMT) to polymers [1] to improve their mechanical properties [2] has attracted widespread attention [3]. However, the inherent incompatibility between inorganic MMT [4] and organic polymers weakens the interfacial bonding between them [5], resulting in reduced mechanical properties of composite scaffolds filled with high content of MMT [6]. Therefore, it is of great significance to improve the compatibility between MMT and polymer [7].…”

Crosslinking of a polycaprolactone/tourmaline scaffold by sodium stearate with improved mechanical strength and bioactivity

“…1 In contrast, articial bone is attracting attention because it has a wide range of material sources and can obtain biological, mechanical, and degradation properties comparable to natural bone by modulating components. 2,3 Polycaprolactone (PCL) has been of great interest in bone tissue engineering due to its good biocompatibility, degradability, and processability. [4][5][6] However, some studies have shown that pure PCL scaffolds present challenges in terms of mechanical properties and biomineralization as bone implants.…”