Progress in femtochemistry and femtobiology

Abstract

Femtoscience offers a unique way to understand the dynamics in physics, chemistry and biology. This subject focuses on the process happening at femto-to pico-second time scale by femtosecond optical methods. Widely used in chemistry it reveals chemical reactions, including bond breaking, forming, and stretching, which happens at an ultrafast time scale. Femtoscience is also important in the biological system, for example, light harvesting system and vision system. Femtoscience in physics is also widely used, but it is not studied in this paper. Instead, we report new advances in femtochemistry and femtobiology, including structural dynamics, coherent control, enzyme function dynamics and hydration in the protein system. We also introduce attosecond science, focusing on electron dynamics at an extreme short time scale.femtosecond, ultrafast electron diffraction, coherent control, protein, attosecond PACS: 82.53. Rk, 61.05.Jr, 87.80.Dj, 33.20.Xx In the last decades, sciences based on the femtosecond laser technology have developed fast since the first real time observation of chemical bond breaking [1]. Following the invention and commercialization of solid state femtosecond lasers, this technology is widely spread in nearly all fundamental fields of physics, chemistry, and biology. For example, its broadband character is applied in optical comb as a frequency standard for precise timing; its high intensity is for laser micro-fabrication, laser surgery, and all kinds of nonlinear optical application. It is even high enough for particle acceleration in high-energy physics. The femtosecond time resolution is most widely used character and unique in dynamics studies and will be introduced in the following sections. In addition, it also shows its versatility in various applications. Therefore, the concept of femtoscience is not a specific field but more a specific method or technology investigating the dynamics happening at 10 15 s in all fields. However, the ultrafast technique is unique because of its exclusive ability of femtosecond time resolution.Femtoscience has developed a series of techniques and methods to observe ultrafast phenomena.For an overview of the development of femtoscience, the best way is to go over the femtoscience conference series. The frontier conference in this field is the Femtochemistry series, first organized in Berlin in 1993. Since then, the conference is held every two years. The 2009 conference is called "Femtochemistry, Femtobiology, and Femtophysics -Frontier in Ultrafast Science and Technology (Femto IX)". The newest advances in this field are presented in the conference. Femtosciences that draw considerable attention include structural dynamics, coherent control, biological system, reaction dynamics [2], solvation phenomena [3,4], liquid [5], interface, aggregates [6], surfaces, strong field physics [7][8][9][10][11], and attosecond electron dynamics [12,13]. Some of these fields are well established and applied to new materials including molecular biology, graphene, and nanostr...

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