Progress in control of hydatidosis using vaccination—a review of formulation and delivery of the vaccine and recommendations for practical use in control programmes

Post-immunization immunohistochemical expression of Caspase 3 and p53 apoptotic markers in experimental hydatidosis

“…Different mechanisms have been proposed to explain the protective effect of these vaccines. Heath et al (2003) suggested an antibody and complement mediated lysis mechanism of the parasite oncosphere early in the establishment of a new infection, and a study by Edan & Ardalan (2009) supports a similar mechanism of antibody production. In general, different immunological responses, estimated either serologically or cytopathologically, have been reported.…”

“…On the other hand, other studies have reported variable levels of protection with purified antigens. The protection rates of a recombinant vaccine (EG95) ranged from 86% to 99.3% in studies conducted by Lightowlers et al (1999) and Heath et al (2003), respectively, and Shi et al (2009) reported complete immunity persisting for more than a year after vaccination. In another study conducted by Li et al (2012), mice vaccinated with rEg14-3-3 and challenged with protoscolices were provided with significant protective immunity at a rate of 84.47%.…”

Historical Aspects of Echinococcosis

“…The tide turned in 1974 after Thienpont et al (1974), researchers at Janssen Pharmaceutica Beerse, Belgium, had detected the efficacy of mebendazole against metacestodes of T. taeniaeformis in mice. Scientists in Australia described a high efficacy of this drug against metacestodes of T. pisiformis in rabbits and of Mesocestoides corti and E. granulosus in mice (Heath and Chevis, 1974;Heath et al, 1975). Authors in Russia (Krotov et al, 1974) and the United States of America (Campbell et al, 1975) 6 reported that the tumorous growth of E. multilocularis metacestodes in rodents can be inhibited by treatment with increased doses of mebendazole.…”

“…Since 1959, further long-term and large-scale (nation-wide or regional) control campaigns have been performed, including those in New Zealand (1959e97) (Gemmell, 1978(Gemmell, , 1987(Gemmell, , 1990Heath et al, 2002), Tasmania (Meldrum and McConnell, 1968;Thompson, 2002 (PAHO, 2002), andCyprus (1971e94) (Polydorou, 1984(Polydorou, , 1994Economides and Christofi, 2002;Christofi, 2011). These programmes were based on general measures outlined by Atwater (1969) in the textbook 'Veterinary Medicine and Human Health,' edited by Calvin W. Schwabe (1927e2006), Professor of Epidemiology at the School of Veterinary Medicine and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, United States of America (Schwabe, 1969).…”

“…Therefore in recent programmes, efforts are made to introduce innovations and improvements, such as mass population screening (ultrasound examinations, serology) and treatment of human CE cases in order to increase the awareness and health status of local people, and vaccination of livestock with the new EG95 vaccine (Heath et al, 2003;Craig, 2011;Lightowlers, 2006Lightowlers, , 2011Torgerson, 2011;Wang, 2011). Mathematical models are useful for estimating the disease burden for the community and for evaluating various control options (Torgerson, 2003(Torgerson, , 2006.…”