“…After distinguishing this definition, the latest studies suggest that the Asian monsoon was disassociated from the ITCZ and extended into Yunnan 36 or 41 Ma (Fang et al, 2021;Zheng et al, 2022), affecting the Nangqian Basin after 35 Ma (Fang et al, 2022), and that the modern-like Asian monsoon pattern formed in the Late Oligocene-Early Miocene (e.g., Wu et al, 2022). the growth of the Tibetan Plateau (e.g., An et al, 2001An et al, , 2006Boos & Kuang, 2010;Farnsworth et al, 2019;Guo et al, 2002;Liu & Yin, 2002;Liu et al, 2017;Manabe & Terpstra, 1974;Molnar et al, 1993;Prell & Kutzbach, 1992;Spicer & Farnsworth, 2021;Wu et al, 2012;Zhang et al, 2007), orbital variation (Tardif et al, 2021), atmospheric CO 2 (Licht et al, 2014;Tardif et al, 2023), the ice-sheet state, and oceanic gate-ways (Thompson et al, 2021), all of which still impact the Asian monsoon. The Indian summer monsoon is slightly different, with simulations showing contribution ratios of 39% for orography, 25% for precession, 21% for atmospheric CO 2 , 5% for the ice-sheet state, 5% for the oceanic gateways (Thompson et al, 2021).…”