“…Following a chemical treatment, Wang and Li [ 134 ] found that kiwifruit fiber treated with NaOH has greater thermal stability, but kiwifruit fiber treated with citric acid delivers higher sorption capacities for water, oil, bile acid, nitrite ions, and glucose. In this regard, Adegoke and Akinnawo [ 135 ] employed numerous surface-modification treatments, such as acid, alkaline, magnetic, and grafting modifications, for improving sorption of heavy metals, including As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Co, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn. They revealed that acidic treatment mostly favors the sorption process.…”