Programmed Cell Death in Plants.

Flooding results in major changes in the soil environment. The slow diffusion rate of gases in water limits the oxygen supply, which affects aerobic root respiration as well as many (bio)geochemical processes in the soil. Plants from habitats subject to flooding have developed several ways to acclimate to these growth-inhibiting conditions, ranging from pathways that enable anaerobic metabolism to specific morphological and anatomical structures that prevent oxygen shortage. In order to acclimate in a timely manner, it is crucial that a flooding event is accurately sensed by the plant. Sensing may largely occur in two ways: by the decrease of oxygen concentration, and by an increase in ethylene. Although ethylene sensing is now well understood, progress in unraveling the sensing of oxygen has been made only recently. With respect to the signal-transduction pathways, two types of acclimation have received most attention. Aerenchyma formation, to promote gas diffusion through the roots, seems largely under control of ethylene, whereas adventitious root development appears to be induced by an interaction between ethylene and auxin. Parts of these pathways have been described for a range of species, but a complete overview is not yet available. The use of molecular-genetic approaches may fill the gaps in our knowledge, but a lack of suitable model species may hamper further progress.

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“…may be similar at the cellular level (Pennell and Lamb, 1997;Buckner et al, 1998). However, more detailed studies changed this view somewhat.…”

Section: Programmed Cell Deathmentioning

confidence: 88%

Acclimation to soil flooding — sensing and signal-transduction

Visser

Voesenek

2005

Plant Ecophysiology

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“…Some kinds of plant cell death share features that are similar to animal PCD or apoptosis, such as the cell death during cell differentiation of tracheary elements, somatic embryogenesis, and leaf senescence. Similarity also exists in the cell death during the interactions between plants and pathogens or environmental factors (Pennell and Lamb, 1997; Danon and Gallois, 1998;Yen and Yang, 1998;Gao and Showalter, 1999;Navarre and Wolpert, 1999;Stein and Hansen, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent years, plant cell death has been studied extensively (Dangl et al, 1996;Jones and Dangl, 1996;Greenberg, 1997;Pennell and Lamb, 1997). Programmed cell death (PCD) was first defined on the basis of the predictable and distinguished cell morphology in animal cells (Kerr et al, 1972).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cucumber Mosaic Virus D Satellite RNA-Induced Programmed Cell Death in Tomato

Xu¹,

Roossinck²

2000

The Plant Cell

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D satellite RNA (satRNA) with its helper virus, namely, cucumber mosaic virus, causes systemic necrosis in tomato. The infected plant exhibits a distinct spatial and temporal cell death pattern. The distinct features of chromatin condensation and nuclear DNA fragmentation indicate that programmed cell death is involved. In addition, satRNA localization and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling show that cell death is initiated from the infected phloem or cambium cells and spreads to other nearby infected cells. Timing of the onset of necrosis after inoculation implicates the involvement of cell developmental processes in initiating tomato cell death. Analysis of the accumulation of minus-and plus-strand satRNAs in the infected plants indicates a correlation between high amounts of minus-strand satRNA and tomato cell death. INTRODUCTIONCucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is an isometric plant virus with a tripartite plus-sense RNA genome (Palukaitis et al., 1992). Some strains of CMV harbor satellite RNAs (satRNAs)-small, linear molecules ranging from 332 to 405 nucleotides long. The satRNAs are dependent on CMV for their replication, encapsidation, and dispersion, but they are not necessary for the life cycle of the virus. They can attenuate or exacerbate the symptoms induced by the helper viruses in specific plant hosts. For example, D-satRNA, B-satRNA, and WL1-satRNA induce necrosis, chlorosis, and attenuation, respectively, in infected tomato plants in the presence of any CMV helper virus. In tobacco, however, D-satRNA and WL1-satRNA attenuate symptoms, whereas minor nucleotide sequence variants of the B-satRNA either attenuate symptoms or induce chlorosis in a helper virusspecific manner (reviewed in García-Arenal and Palukaitis, 1999).D-satRNA (335 nucleotides long) induces a lethal systemic necrosis in tomato that has been reported as epidemic in France, Italy, and Spain (Kaper and Waterworth, 1977;Jordá et al., 1992). The molecular and cellular mechanisms of the disease, which can cause a catastrophic reduction in tomato production, remain unknown, although the sequences in D-satRNA responsible for the lethal necrosis have been determined (Sleat and Palukaitis, 1990;Sleat et al., 1994). By using in vitro and in vivo analyses of its secondary structure, researchers have correlated a helix and a tetraloop region near the 3 Ј end of the satRNA with the necrotic syndrome (Bernal and García-Arenal, 1997;Rodríguez-Alvarado and Roossinck, 1997). For some specific CMV and satRNA combinations, RNA 2 of CMV has been shown to be involved in determining pathogenicity (Sleat et al., 1994). Recently, however, the minus-strand D-satRNA expressed from a potato virus X vector was shown to induce similar necrosis in tomato, thereby excluding the specific role of CMV in the pathogenicity of D-satRNA, except for its function as a helper virus in the host plants (Taliansky et al., 1998).The conspicuous symptom of tomato plants infected by D-satRNA and CMV is cell death, the cause of the lethal systemic...

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“…The involvement of ROS in the activation of PCD is well known in plants [35]. The generation of an 'oxidative burst' during the early and late phases of PCD has been well documented, and its role in cell-death signaling has been known very well [33].…”

Section: E8000s; New England Bio Lab)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Maltose-binding protein switches programmed cell death in Nicotiana glutinosa leaf cells

Gholizadeh

2014

Cytol. Genet.

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Programmed Cell Death in Plants.

Cited by 723 publications

References 78 publications

Acclimation to soil flooding — sensing and signal-transduction

Acclimation to soil flooding — sensing and signal-transduction

Cucumber Mosaic Virus D Satellite RNA-Induced Programmed Cell Death in Tomato

Maltose-binding protein switches programmed cell death in Nicotiana glutinosa leaf cells

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