Programmed Cell Death in Development

Sanders, Esmond J.; Wride, Michael A.

doi:10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62210-x

Cited by 179 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 354 publications

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“…Interestingly, evidence of limited random cell death (cytoplasmic condensation, nuclear pyknosis and TUNEL staining) is again described slightly later in the primitive embryonic ectoderm layer of the pre-gastrulating embryo 41,42 and in the peripheral cells of the ecto-placental cone. 2 This scattered distribution of dead cells across the epiblast shifts progressively towards the distal anterior region as the embryo engages into the process of gastrulation. In contrast, cell deletion is only very occasionally detected in the nascent mesoderm 41,43 and no indication of cell death at all is found in the axial visceral endoderm at the same developmental stage.…”

Section: Cell Death In the Early Post-implantation Embryomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based upon observations first reported in the middle of the 19th century 1 and substantially expanded in more recent years, 2 the term`programmed cell death' has been proposed to indicate the elimination of specific cells at pre-determined locations and times. The descriptive collection of morphological and biochemical features displayed by cells undergoing elimination was termed`apoptosis' 3 and the predictability of this process was initially viewed as resulting from the operation of an autonomous cell suicide machinery under the control of an intrinsic biological clock.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Apoptosis at the time of embryo implantation in mouse and rat

1999

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The aim of this review is to summarize the information currently available regarding the occurrence of apoptosis in the developing embryo and in the receptive uterus during the peri-implantation period of gestation. Cell death is detected in the inner cell mass of late pre-implantation embryos as the result of an eliminative process that helps trim the embryonic cell lineages of surplus or dysfunctional stem cells. Cell death is also detected in the epiblastic core of early postimplantation embryos, where the process is implicated in the formation of the pro-amniotic cavity. On the maternal side, uterine epithelial cells situated around the attachment site undergo cell death during the initial phase of implantation in order to facilitate embryo anchorage and access to maternal blood supply. Uterine stromal cells closest to the implantation chamber first transform into decidual cells and then commit suicide to make room for the rapidly growing embryo. Although apoptosis is well recognized as a crucial determinant of successful peri-implantation development, our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating this process clearly lags behind the comprehension of cell death control in other systems.

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Section: Cell Death In the Early Post-implantation Embryomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apoptosis at the time of embryo implantation in mouse and rat

1999

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“…From E13.5 on, new fibers are generated from epithelial cells located near the equatorial region and added to the bulk of the lens, rapidly during embryonic and early postnatal life and with a much slower rate during adult life in a precise spatiotemporal sequence of events. Near the lens equator, epithelial cells exit from the cell cycle, elongate, and undergo degeneration of all membrane-bound organelles through a specialized type of programmed cell death (Modak and Perdue, 1970;Sanders and Wride, 1995;Bassnett, 2002;Zandy et al, 2005). After final elongation, the newly formed fiber cells contact cells of the opposite side at the lens poles, simultaneously detaching from the overlying epithelium at the front or lens capsule at the posterior wall to form the lens sutures (Bassnett et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GAD isoforms exhibit distinct spatiotemporal expression patterns in the developing mouse lens: Correlation with Dlx2 and Dlx5

Kwakowsky

Schwirtlich

Zhang

et al. 2007

Developmental Dynamics

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Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the adult nervous system and its biosynthetic enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) are abundantly expressed in the embryonic nervous system and are involved in the modulation of cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Here we describe for the first time the expression of GABA and embryonic and adult GAD isoforms in the developing mouse lens. We show that the GAD isoforms are sequentially induced with specific spatiotemporal profiles: GAD65 and embryonic GAD isoforms prevail in primary fibers, while GAD67 is the predominant GAD expressed in the postnatal secondary fibers. This pattern correlates well with the expression of Dlx2 and Dlx5, known as upstream regulators of GAD. GABA and GAD are most abundant at the tips of elongating fibers and are absent from organelle-free cells, suggesting their involvement is primarily in shaping of the cytoskeleton during fiber elongation stages. Developmental Dynamics 236: 3532-3544, 2007.

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“…The amniote limb is a classic model for studying the mechanisms that control cell death during embryogenesis, with the majority of the descriptive and experimental work performed in chick limbs. Since differences may exist among amniotes (Sanders and Wride, 1995), and mouse is one of the chosen models for genetic studies, detailed determination of PCD patterns in this latter species is warranted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential tissue growth and patterns of cell death in mouse limb autopod morphogenesis

Salas‐Vidal

Valencia

Covarrubias

2001

Developmental Dynamics

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Programmed cell death (PCD) is considered one of the most important cellular processes in the morphogenesis of organs and tissues during animal development. Although the embryonic limb has been established as a classic model for the study of PCD, detailed studies on this process' contribution to morphogenesis are still lacking. In the present work, using modern computer-aided techniques, we estimated the contribution of PCD to mouse limb morphogenesis. For the detection of apoptotic cell death, we stained whole embryonic limbs with acridine orange or, in some instances, used the TUNEL technique, and visualized the tissues by confocal laser scanning microscopy. We found that cell death patterns are dynamic during limb development, and occur in gradients oriented with the main limb axes, anteroposterior, dorsoventral and distoproximal. Interdigital apoptosis in the autopod was initially detected at the most distal region, and then more proximally as development proceeded. Interestingly, we found that digit separation is more pronounced on the dorsal side, contrary to what is expected from the apoptotic cell distribution, which shows more abundant cell death in the ventral region. Using 2-D and 3-D models, we found that most digit individualization occurs rather by digit growth than by interdigital cell death. Therefore, digits do not mainly individualize by degeneration of preformed interdigital tissue, but probably by a dynamic balance between proliferation and cell death, reducing interdigital growth, which results in protrusion of digits. We determined the expression pattern of fgf-8 during the period of digit individualization, as the product of this gene could participate in defining the limb growth pattern. Initially, fgf-8 expression was coincident with the apical ectodermal ridge, but when cell death was first detected in the interdigits, fgf-8 expression became restricted to the tip of the growing digits. Therefore, FGF-8 could be one of the factors responsible for differential digit-interdigit growth, and might also act as a survival factor on interdigital tissue. We also found that the expression patterns of rar-␤, bmp-2, bmp-4, bmp-7, msx-1, and msx-2 genes, proposed to be involved in the activation of interdigital cell death, did not overlap with, or were not highly expressed in the major zones of cell death in the developing limb.

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Programmed Cell Death in Development

Cited by 179 publications

References 354 publications

Apoptosis at the time of embryo implantation in mouse and rat

Apoptosis at the time of embryo implantation in mouse and rat

GAD isoforms exhibit distinct spatiotemporal expression patterns in the developing mouse lens: Correlation with Dlx2 and Dlx5

Differential tissue growth and patterns of cell death in mouse limb autopod morphogenesis

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