Programmed cell death during plant growth and development

Beers, Eric P.

doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4400297

Cited by 147 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 122 publications

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“…52,76 Autophagy is upregulated during the developmental processes of senescence and cell death as well as during biotic and abiotic stresses such as oxidative stress, drought, nutrient starvation, and pathogen infection. 6,36,[77][78][79][80][81] Upregulation of autophagy in rns2-2 could be caused by a lack of ribosome turnover that results in the accumulation of toxic products and oxidative stress, or it could be the result of a starvation response, since rRNA represents a large proportion of cellular resources. The turnover of ribosomes through autophagy or other mechanisms may be important for homeostasis and the resources recycled through this process, such as bases, nucleosides, nitrogen, or energy, may be needed to maintain housekeeping functions in normal cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for autophagy-dependent pathways of rRNA turnover inArabidopsis

et al. 2015

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Ribosomes account for a majority of the cell's RNA and much of its protein and represent a significant investment of cellular resources. The turnover and degradation of ribosomes has been proposed to play a role in homeostasis and during stress conditions. Mechanisms for the turnover of rRNA and ribosomal proteins have not been fully elucidated. We show here that the RNS2 ribonuclease and autophagy participate in RNA turnover in Arabidopsis thaliana under normal growth conditions. An increase in autophagosome formation was seen in an rns2-2 mutant, and this increase was dependent on the core autophagy genes ATG9 and ATG5. Autophagosomes and autophagic bodies in rns2-2 mutants contain RNA and ribosomes, suggesting that autophagy is activated as an attempt to compensate for loss of rRNA degradation. Total RNA accumulates in rns2-2, atg9-4, atg5-1, rns2-2 atg9-4, and rns2-2 atg5-1 mutants, suggesting a parallel role for autophagy and RNS2 in RNA turnover. rRNA accumulates in the vacuole in rns2-2 mutants. Vacuolar accumulation of rRNA was blocked by disrupting autophagy via an rns2-2 atg5-1 double mutant but not by an rns2-2 atg9-4 double mutant, indicating that ATG5 and ATG9 function differently in this process. Our results suggest that autophagy and RNS2 are both involved in homeostatic degradation of rRNA in the vacuole.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for autophagy-dependent pathways of rRNA turnover inArabidopsis

et al. 2015

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“…This process resembles micro-or macroautophagy. [16][17][18][19][20] The final step in the execution of vacuolar cell death is rupture of the tonoplast, and a massive release of vacuolar hydrolases. These rapidly destroy the entire protoplast or in some cases even the entire cell including the cell wall.…”

Section: Absence Of Apoptosis In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological classification of plant cell deaths

et al. 2011

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Programmed cell death (PCD) is an integral part of plant development and of responses to abiotic stress or pathogens. Although the morphology of plant PCD is, in some cases, well characterised and molecular mechanisms controlling plant PCD are beginning to emerge, there is still confusion about the classification of PCD in plants. Here we suggest a classification based on morphological criteria. According to this classification, the use of the term 'apoptosis' is not justified in plants, but at least two classes of PCD can be distinguished: vacuolar cell death and necrosis. During vacuolar cell death, the cell contents are removed by a combination of autophagy-like process and release of hydrolases from collapsed lytic vacuoles. Necrosis is characterised by early rupture of the plasma membrane, shrinkage of the protoplast and absence of vacuolar cell death features. Vacuolar cell death is common during tissue and organ formation and elimination, whereas necrosis is typically found under abiotic stress. Some examples of plant PCD cannot be ascribed to either major class and are therefore classified as separate modalities. These are PCD associated with the hypersensitive response to biotrophic pathogens, which can express features of both necrosis and vacuolar cell death, PCD in starchy cereal endosperm and during self-incompatibility. The present classification is not static, but will be subject to further revision, especially when specific biochemical pathways are better defined. Research on plant cell death has grown considerably in the past few years, owing to the importance of cell death for plant development and defense. Just as animal cells engage several mechanisms leading to death, the road to cell demise in plants can also vary. The long evolutionary distance and distinct cellular architecture between the two kingdoms may account for the differences between the mechanisms of plant and animal cell death. It is therefore appropriate to assess the relevance of animal cell death nomenclature 1 to plants. At present, there is confusion in cell death terminology in plant biology, which drives our attempt to formulate a more logical classification. Although our molecular understanding of plant cell death regulation and execution is insufficient to create definitive classifications based on precise biochemical pathways, it is possible to begin classifying plant cell death scenarios based on morphological criteria, as was initially the case in animal cell death research 2,3 and is still used for the classification of cell death in animal science. 1 This document attempts to provide a classification of plant cell death. We urge authors, reviewers and editors to follow this classification to facilitate communication between scientists and accelerate research in this field.

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“…In many plants, PCD plays a major role in development, sexual reproduction, and resistance to infection. 41,42 Moreover, diverse forms of regulated cell death processes have also been identified in several unicellular eukaryote species, that emerged between 1 and 2 billion years ago, and in several bacterial species, whose ancestors are believed to have represented one of the earliest forms of life on our planet, and emerged around 4 billion years ago.…”

Section: Walking Along the Evolutionary Tree Upwards From The C Elegmentioning

confidence: 99%

Looking for death at the core of life in the light of evolution

Ameisen

2003

Cell Death Differ

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Programmed cell death during plant growth and development

Cited by 147 publications

References 122 publications

Evidence for autophagy-dependent pathways of rRNA turnover inArabidopsis

Evidence for autophagy-dependent pathways of rRNA turnover inArabidopsis

Morphological classification of plant cell deaths

Looking for death at the core of life in the light of evolution

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