Programmable Metasurfaces: State of the Art and Prospects

Fu, Liu; Pitilakis, Alexandros; Mirmoosa, M. S.; Tsilipakos, Odysseas; Wang, Xuchen; Tasolamprou, Anna C.; Abadal, Sergi; Cabellos‐Aparicio, Albert; Alarcón, Eduard; Liaskos, Christos; Kantartzis, Nikolaos V.; Kafesaki, Maria; Economou, E. N.; Soukoulis, Costas M.; Tretyakov, Sergei

doi:10.1109/iscas.2018.8351817

Cited by 77 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 66 publications

(77 reference statements)

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“…Recent works have taken one step further by combining local tunability with control methods, so that a single meta- surface can be reprogrammed to fulfill different tasks [25]- [27]. The example in [20] uses a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) to drive the pin diodes of a reconfigurable metasurface, where each pin diode determines the state of an individual unit cell.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fault Tolerance in Programmable Metasurfaces: The Beam Steering Case

Taghvaee

Abadal

Georgiou

et al. 2019

2019 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)

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Metasurfaces, the two-dimensional counterpart of metamaterials, have caught great attention thanks to their powerful control over electromagnetic waves. Recent times have seen the emergence of a variety of metasurfaces exhibiting not only countless functionalities, but also a reconfigurable or even programmable response. Reconfigurability, however, entails the integration of tuning and control circuits within the metasurface structure and, as this new paradigm moves forward, new reliability challenges may arise. This paper examines, for the first time, the reliability problem in programmable metamaterials by proposing an error model and a general methodology for error analysis. To derive the error model, the causes and potential impact of faults are identified and discussed qualitatively. The methodology is presented and instantiated for beam steering, which constitutes a relevant example for programmable metasurfaces. Results show that performance degradation depends on the type of error and its spatial distribution and that, in beam steering, error rates over 10% can still be considered acceptable.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fault Tolerance in Programmable Metasurfaces: The Beam Steering Case

Taghvaee

Abadal

Georgiou

et al. 2019

2019 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)

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“…It was soon realized that the capability of dynamically tuning the metasurface properties, either to change the desired output functionality or to adapt it to an input wave of different characteristics, would greatly enhance the potential of metasurfaces for practical applications, giving rise to tunable metasurfaces. [14][15][16][17] Further developing the concept of tunability toward reconfigurable and programmatically controlled metasurfaces unfolded the promise of artificial intelligent sheet materials that can dynamically shape electromagnetic fields and have enormous impact on imaging, communication, and sensing applications. Excellent reviews on metasurfaces have appeared in the literature, covering the underlying physics, the different applications and functionalities, the approaches to tunability, and the opportunities of nonlinearity and nonreciprocity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Intelligent Metasurfaces: The Progress from Globally Tunable Metasurfaces to Software‐Defined Metasurfaces with an Embedded Network of Controllers

Tsilipakos

Tasolamprou

Pitilakis

et al. 2020

Advanced Optical Materials

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173

104

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Metasurfaces, the ultrathin, 2D version of metamaterials, have recently attracted a surge of attention for their capability to manipulate electromagnetic waves. Recent advances in reconfigurable and programmable metasurfaces have greatly extended their scope and reach into practical applications. Such functional sheet materials can have enormous impact on imaging, communication, and sensing applications, serving as artificial skins that shape electromagnetic fields. Motivated by these opportunities, this progress report provides a review of the recent advances in tunable and reconfigurable metasurfaces, highlighting the current challenges and outlining directions for future research. To better trace the historical evolution of tunable metasurfaces, a classification into globally and locally tunable metasurfaces is first provided along with the different physical addressing mechanisms utilized. Subsequently, coding metasurfaces, a particular class of locally tunable metasurfaces in which each unit cell can acquire discrete response states, is surveyed, since it is naturally suited to programmatic control. Finally, a new research direction of software‐defined metasurfaces is described, which attempts to push metasurfaces toward unprecedented levels of functionality by harnessing the opportunities offered by their software interface as well as their inter‐ and intranetwork connectivity and establish them in real‐world applications.

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“…In response to these drawbacks, metasurface designs with tunable or switchable elements in the unit cell have emerged 23 . The resulting reconfigurable metasurfaces can be globally or locally tunable, depending on the specific scheme and, with appropriate control means, they become programmable 24 . Not coincidentally, the programmable metasurface paradigm has found in the aforementioned coding paradigm a natural match to describe and implement reconfigurability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reprogrammable Graphene-based Metasurface Mirror with Adaptive Focal Point for THz Imaging

Hosseininejad

Rouhi

Neshat

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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Recent emergence of metasurfaces has enabled the development of ultra-thin flat optical components through different wavefront shaping techniques at various wavelengths. However, due to the non-adaptive nature of conventional metasurfaces, the focal point of the resulting optics needs to be fixed at the design stage, thus severely limiting its reconfigurability and applicability. In this paper, we aim to overcome such constraint by presenting a flat reflective component that can be reprogrammed to focus terahertz waves at a desired point in the near-field region. To this end, we first propose a graphene-based unit cell with phase reconfigurability, and then employ the coding metasurface approach to draw the phase profile required to set the focus on the target point. Our results show that the proposed component can operate close to the diffraction limit with high focusing range and low focusing error. We also demonstrate that, through appropriate automation, the reprogrammability of the metamirror could be leveraged to develop compact terahertz scanning and imaging systems, as well as novel reconfigurable components for terahertz wireless communications.

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Programmable Metasurfaces: State of the Art and Prospects

Cited by 77 publications

References 66 publications

Fault Tolerance in Programmable Metasurfaces: The Beam Steering Case

Fault Tolerance in Programmable Metasurfaces: The Beam Steering Case

Toward Intelligent Metasurfaces: The Progress from Globally Tunable Metasurfaces to Software‐Defined Metasurfaces with an Embedded Network of Controllers

Reprogrammable Graphene-based Metasurface Mirror with Adaptive Focal Point for THz Imaging

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