“…1 Criticisms of derivative markets are largely based on the argument that derivative trading activity, especially by speculators, destabilizes spot prices and increases price volatility. This may occur, for example, because of uninformed speculators who trade in both derivative and spot markets in search of short-term gains, thus increasing uncertainty and reducing the informational role of prices; alternatively, volatil-1 Influential relevant theoretical contributions are due to-among others- Copeland (1976), Detemple and Selden (1987), Stein (1987), Grossman (1988), and Ross (1989). ity may be exacerbated by arbitrage-related activities-such as program trading-which are typically expected to generate large short-term price swings (for example, see the references in Chung, 1993, andHogan, Kroner, &Sultan, 1997). Arguments of this type often provide the basis to justify regulatory actions as a means to curb speculative positions.…”