Prognostic value of xenograft engraftment in patients with metastatic high‐risk neuroblastoma

Abstract

Background Successful engraftment of human cancer biopsies in immunodeficient mice correlates with the poor prognosis of patients. This was reported 30 years ago for children with neuroblastoma, but the standard of care treatment evolved significantly during the last 15 years, leading to improved survival of these patients. Here, we evaluated the association of patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) engraftment and prognosis in patients receiving up‐to‐date treatments for cancers classified as metastatic (stage M) high‐risk neuroblastoma (HR‐NB) by the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Staging System (INRGSS). Methods We obtained biopsies from patients with stage M HR‐NB. We inoculated biopsy fragments subcutaneously in mice. We studied the association of PDX engraftment with event‐free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) of patients. Results Since 2009, we established 17 PDX from 97 samples of 66 patients with stage M HR‐NB, with a follow‐up of at least two years. Factors associated with higher probability of engraftment were the death as outcome (p = .0006) and the amplification of the gene MYCN in tumors (p = .0271). Patients whose biopsies established a PDX had significantly shorter EFS and OS (p = .0039 and .0002, respectively) than patients whose samples did not engraft. The association of PDX engraftment and OS was significant in patients without MYCN amplification (p = .0041), but not in patients with MYCN amplification (p = .2707). Conclusion Positive PDX engraftment is a factor related to poor prognosis and fatal outcome in patients with stage M HR‐NB treated with up‐to‐date therapies.