Prognostic factors in young women with endometrial carcinoma: a report of 20 cases and review of literature

Yamazawa, Koji; Seki, Katsura; Kihara, Maki; Sekiya, Souei

doi:10.1046/j.1525-1438.2000.010003212.x

Cited by 33 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Several studies have shown an association of aneuploidy with poor prognosis (49,50), while the expression of steroid receptors is associated with higher survival rates and better treatment response (51). Among oncogenes, the overexpression of HER-2 is associated with a reduced survival rate, but the clinical meaning and the predictability of treatment response are not fully understood (52).…”

Section: Biomarkers For Prognosis and Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomarkers in endometrial cancer: Possible clinical applications (Review)

et al. 2012

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Abstract. The number of cases of endometrial cancer has shown a tendency to increase in recent years. Endometrial cancer originates from the endometrium and is classified, based on the development mechanism, into types 1 and 2, which are responsive and non-responsive to estrogen, respectively, and have significantly different gene expression profiles. Studies of genes with abnormal expression in endometrial cancer have identified multiple oncogenes, tumor suppressors, mismatch repair genes, apoptosis-associated genes, levels of hormone receptors and DNA ploidy and aneuploidy as biomarkers of endometrial cancer. The use of these molecules and genes may facilitate accurate diagnosis and prognostic prediction and contribute to individualized treatment. Trials of drugs which target these biomarkers and searches for new biomarkers using cDNA microarrays and RT-qPCR are ongoing and it is likely that these findings can be translated to clinical use. Contents1. Introduction 2. Differences in biomarkers in subtypes of endometrial cancer 3. Oncogenes 4. Tumor suppressors 5. Mismatch repair genes and microsatellite instability 6. Other biomarkers 7. Biomarkers for prognosis and treatment 8. Conclusion IntroductionEndometrial cancer is the seventh most common cancer worldwide in women (1). The incidence differs depending on the region: in developed countries, 10-20 in 100,000 women have endometrial cancer, whereas the incidence is approximately one-tenth this level in developing countries. The number of cases is rapidly increasing in Japan. Obesity, nulliparity and the administration of tamoxifen have been identified as risk factors for endometrial cancer (2).In the last 10 years, numerous studies have aimed to identify tumor biomarkers. The US National Cancer Institute (NCI) defines a biomarker as ʻa biological molecule found in blood, other body fluids, or tissues that is a sign of a normal or abnormal process, or of a condition or diseaseʼ. According to this definition, a biomarker includes not only the proteins normally used as tumor markers, such as CA-125, but also genes and chromosomes. Biomarkers of endometrial cancer that have been identified include the K-ras, HER2/neu, epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit (PI3KCA) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) oncogenes; the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), p53, p21 and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) cancer suppressor genes; the hMLH1, hMSH2, hMSH6, PMS1 and PMS2 mismatch repair genes; Ki-67, an index of cell proliferation; BCL2-associated X protein (Bax), an apoptosis promotor gene; Bcl-2, an apoptosis suppressor; expression levels of estrogen and progesterone receptors; microvascular density (MVD); and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), which are all indices of angiogenesis; expression changes in E/P-cadherin and β-catenin, which are associated with infiltration and metastatic capacity; and ploidy and aneuploidy of DNA. The characteristics and functions of each of these bioma...

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Section: Biomarkers For Prognosis and Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomarkers in endometrial cancer: Possible clinical applications (Review)

et al. 2012

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“…5 % der Fälle treten vor dem 40. Lebensjahr auf [91]. Das klinische Hauptsymptom ist die postmenopausale bzw.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Diagnostik und präoperatives Staging des Endometriumkarzinoms mittels transvaginaler Sonographie - eine Übersicht

Nk¹,

Rehn²,

Thanner³

et al. 2006

Zentralbl Gynakol

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Endometrial carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of the female genital tract. The major non-invasive diagnostic method is ultrasound. Endometrial thickness (double layer) is measured by transvaginal sonography. The cut-off value in patients with postmenopausal bleeding is still controversial, although in patients with endometrial thickness below 4 mm (or 5 mm respectively), malignancy can be excluded with high probability. If the endometrium measures more than 4 mm (or more than 5 mm respectively) or the patient presents with continuous bleeding, hysteroscopy and curettage should be performed in order to obtain histologic diagnosis. Sonographic findings like structure and demarcation of the endometrium increase diagnostic specificity only when combined with the measurement of endometrial thickness. Measuring the fluid within the uterine cavity does not seem to be useful in differentiating malignant from benign disorders. The extent of surgery depends on the preoperative estimation of the tumor stage which is particularly important for elder patients with increased morbidity. Transvaginal sonography has not been widely accepted to predict the depth of myometrial invasion or cervical infiltration. Although promising studies exist, additional examinations have to be done in order to determine the role of transvaginal sonography beside other methods (CT, MRT). This article on transvaginal ultrasound reviews current data on the method's capacity to identify endometrial cancer and to diagnose the depth of invasion.

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“…There is a significantly higher portion of the disease confined to the inner half of the myometrium (p < 0.004). Patients less than 45 years of age were shown to have a better disease-free survival than older patients (p < 0.028) 16 .…”

Section: Primary Treatment With Progestins In Endometrial Cancer Patimentioning

confidence: 97%

Progestins and endometrial cancer

Ae¹

2001

Gynecological Endocrinology

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Premenopausal women--especially young women--with endometrial cancer stage I may be treated successfully with progestins alone as primary therapy to preserve their child-bearing potential. There is some indication that progestins could be used in neoadjuvant fashion. Individualization of adjuvant treatment with radiation or progestins and in combination seems possible. Progestins have an established place in the palliative treatment of women with advanced cancer. In addition, progestins can be used in advanced and/or recurrent endometrial cancer in combination with chemotherapy and tamoxifen.

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Prognostic factors in young women with endometrial carcinoma: a report of 20 cases and review of literature

Cited by 33 publications

References 37 publications

Biomarkers in endometrial cancer: Possible clinical applications (Review)

Biomarkers in endometrial cancer: Possible clinical applications (Review)

Diagnostik und präoperatives Staging des Endometriumkarzinoms mittels transvaginaler Sonographie - eine Übersicht

Progestins and endometrial cancer

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