Prognostic and Predictive Value of Tumor-infiltrating Leukocytes and of Immune Checkpoint Molecules PD1 and PDL1 in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

Serum levels of the IL-6 family of cytokines predict prognosis in renal cell carcinoma (RCC)

“…Nevertheless, T regulatory lymphocytes, i.e., Fox P3 lymphocytes, were not to any extent found within the tumor. This is in line with what has previously been shown in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas [ 34 ], namely that survival prediction in solid tumors is likely dependent on several immune-related dimensions, like presently one associated with general inflammation through IL-6, and another associated with specific immunity though T lymphocytes [ 35 ].…”

Correlative Monitoring of Immune Activation and Tissue Damage in Malignant Melanoma—An Algorithm for Identification of Tolerance Breakage During Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy of Cancer

“…Enhanced programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in the tumor melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), renal-cell carcinoma, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer [5][6][7][8] Presence of CD8+tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes melanoma, NSCLC, renal-cell carcinoma, colorectal cancer [5][6][7]9,10] High tumor mutational burden or neoantigen burden melanoma, NSCLC, colorectal cancer, urothelial carcinoma [5,11,12] Presence of intratumoral major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression melanoma [5,13] Presence of intratumoral interferon-γ-immune gene signature melanoma, head and neck cancer [5,14] Low interleukin (IL)-6 expression in the tumor colorectal cancer [15] Peripheral blood count: low absolute neutrophils, low absolute monocytes, low myeloid-derived suppressor cells, high FoxP3+ regulatory T cells, high lymphocytes, high eosinophils, high CD19−HLA-DR+ myeloid cells, high CD14+CD16b−HLA-DRhi monocytes melanoma, NSCLC [5,[16][17][18] Low level of c-reactive protein (CRP) in the serum, low relative eosinophil count uveal melanoma [19] Serum proteome analysis: BDX008 melanoma [20] An alternative approach to the search of predictive biomarkers sensu stricto is the identification of predictive biomarkers which are determined under checkpoint inhibitor therapy but before evidence by radiologic imaging of response to therapy [18,21,22]. Table 2 provides an overview of treatment response monitoring biomarkers.…”

“…Especially combined checkpoint inhibition targeting CTLA4 as well as PD-1 is associated not only with the best therapeutic response but also with a significantly increased rate of severe immune-related adverse events (irAEs) [4]. Hence, research has focused on predictive biomarkers in order to determine prior to therapy which patients and tumors might respond to checkpoint inhibitors and which patients might develop severe side effects [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Table 1 provides an overview of predictive biomarkers in the strict sense that these biomarkers have been determined prior to the start of therapy.…”

BRCA1-Associated Protein Is a Potential Prognostic Biomarker and Is Correlated With Immune Infiltration in Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Pan-Cancer Analysis

“…Immunotherapy, such as programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) inhibitors, plays a good anti-tumor effect in the treatment of malignant tumors, such as lung cancer ( Cheng et al, 2020 ; Eguren-Santamaria et al, 2020 ) and melanoma ( Cuevas and Daud, 2018 ; Albershardt et al, 2020 ). Moreover, increasing numbers of studies showed that tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and tumor-infiltrating neutrophils (TINs), were directly related to the patients’ prognosis and efficacy of immunotherapy ( Bocchialini et al, 2020 ; He et al, 2020 ; Schirosi et al, 2020 ; Stenzel et al, 2020 ). Therefore, the study of the interaction between tumor and immunity and identification of novel targets of immunotherapy are of great clinical significance for the treatment of patients.…”