Prognostic and Predictive Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer: Implications for the Clinical Surgeon

Abstract

Colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous disease with a wide range of long-term outcomes and responses to treatment. Recent advances in the genetic and molecular characterization of tumors has yielded a set of prognostic and predictive biomarkers that aid the identification of patients at higher risk for disease recurrence and progression, and in some cases indicate the likelihood of response to a specific treatment. Increasingly, these biomarkers have become integral to the treatment algorithm for managing patients with colorectal cancer. Prognostic and predictive factors in colorectal cancer can broadly be categorized into treatment impact, clinicopathologic factors, and molecular markers. This review will focus primarily on molecular markers, which are foundational to the paradigmatic shift toward personalized cancer therapy.

Combined Features Based on Preoperative Controlling Nutritional Status Score and Circulating Tumour Cell Status Predict Prognosis for Colorectal Cancer Patients Treated with Curative Resection

“…In the past few decades, many clinicopathological biomarkers have been identified to efficiently predict recurrence and survival in CRC through the continuous efforts of researchers [44]. However, expensive and technical limitations have prevented their clinical spread.…”

Clinical Predictors for Recurrence after Curative Resection for Colorectal Cancer

“…Previous studies have identified several possible additional factors associated with recurrence. Patient factors, like intake of coffee and alcohol, smoking, weight-loss and Glascow Prognostic score [2] [3] [4] [5] [6], treatment factors like surgical experience and technique [7] [8], tumor factors like location, differentiation, vein-, nerve-and lymphatic ingrowth [9] [10] and molecular factors [11] [12] [13] [14] have been shown to influence cancer recurrence, and adjuvant oncological therapy is often recommended. In the present study, we have taken interest in what consequences repeated or aggravated inflammatory stress will inflict on the patient and influence the risk of recurrence after potential curative resection of colorectal cancer.…”

DJ‑1 is a new prognostic marker and predicts chemotherapy efficacy in colorectal cancer

“…The recurrence rate is higher than 11 and 40-50% in postoperative patients with stage II and III CRC, respectively (3). The high recurrence rate of CRC is a major contributor to poor prognosis, and poor prognosis in patients with CRC is associated with tumor invasion and metastasis (4,5). The development of metastasis is complex, and includes proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, detachment, migration, adhesion and extravasation into target organs (4).…”

“…The development of metastasis is complex, and includes proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, detachment, migration, adhesion and extravasation into target organs (4). Research investigating the mechanism into the origin and development of CRC has identified a high number of biomarkers, as well as identifying signaling pathways that are vital for tumorigenesis and progression of CRC (5). However, only a few of the identified biomarkers have clinicopathological significance in CRC.…”