Prognostic and predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy in advanced renal cell carcinoma

The effect of gastrointestinal microbiome supplementation on immune checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy: a systematic review

“…However, with its novelty, a multitude of unknowns regarding the application of IO in clinical practice arises. One of these unknowns is the development and utilization of appropriate predictive and prognostic biomarkers to guide clinical and therapeutic decisions in the realm of personalized oncology, with many patient-specific and tumor-specific variance (Rosellini et al 2022). The predictive and prognostic value of novel biomarkers, including PD-L1 expression, tumor mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), tumor microenvironment (TME), and gut microbiome, is fundamental in the therapeutic approach of utilizing ICI's (Rosellini et al 2022).…”

“…One of these unknowns is the development and utilization of appropriate predictive and prognostic biomarkers to guide clinical and therapeutic decisions in the realm of personalized oncology, with many patient-specific and tumor-specific variance (Rosellini et al 2022). The predictive and prognostic value of novel biomarkers, including PD-L1 expression, tumor mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), tumor microenvironment (TME), and gut microbiome, is fundamental in the therapeutic approach of utilizing ICI's (Rosellini et al 2022). Further study of these biomarkers has the potential to provide information regarding immune-related adverse effects (Massari et al 2020) and early mortality.…”

Heterogeneity of PD-L1 expression and CD8 lymphocyte infiltration in metastatic colorectal cancer and their prognostic significance

“…In recent years, immunotherapy has become a mainstay of treatment for gastrointestinal tumours and other types of solid tumours, including metastatic colorectal cancer. Searching for markers that predict response to immunotherapy as well as other combination therapeutics to enhance the effectiveness of immunotherapy has become an pressing challenge [ [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] ]. As a target for immunotherapy in mCRC, better characterization of the PD-L1 expression pattern and extent of heterogeneity in primary and paired metastases is of great significance to clinical treatment.…”

“…Additionally, in this study, CD8 TIL density in primary tumours and CD4, CD8 TIL density in paired metastases were all found higher in d MMR (MSI-H) group than p MMR (MSI-L/MS-S) subgroup. As has been reported previously, tumour cells with d MMR (MSI-H) signature have high overall mutation burden and present more neoantigen peptides through MHC class I molecules [ 26 , 28 ]. Thus, these tumours are more likely to be identified as non-self and highly infiltrated by immune cells, especially CD8 + cytotoxic T cells, CD4 + T helper 1(Th1) cells and macrophages [ 40 ].…”

Grain-sized moxibustion at Zusanli (ST36) promotes hepatic autophagy in rats with hyperlipidemia by regulating the ULK1 and TFEB expression through the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway

“…Multiple studies have shown that activation of the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway restores autophagy regulation and alleviates NAFLD [ 6 , 7 ]. MTOR inhibits autophagy and is an important target in the prediction and therapy of renal cell carcinoma [ 8 , 9 ] and advanced urothelial cancer [ 10 ]. As shown in previous studies, liver cells play a central role in repairing a damaged liver by regulating autophagy with core autophagy proteins microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) and Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1, p62), kinases AMPK and mTOR, and lysosome transcription factor EB (TFEB).…”