Prognosis and modulation mechanisms of COMMD6 in human tumours based on expression profiling and comprehensive bioinformatics analysis

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The Copper Metabolism MURR1 (COMM) domain family has been reported to play important roles in tumorigenesis. As a prototype for the COMMD family, the expression pattern and biological function of COMMD6 in human tumours remain unknown. METHODS: COMMD6 expression in BALB/c mice and human tissues was examined using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Kaplan-Meier analysis was applied to evaluate the prognosis of COMMD6 in tumours. Competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) and transcriptional regulation network were constructed based on differentially expressed mRNAs, microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs from the cancer genome atlas database. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis were used to explore the bioinformatics implication. RESULTS: COMMD6 expression was widely observed in BALB/c mice and human tissues, which predicted prognosis of cancer patients. Furthermore, we shed light on the underlying tumour promoting role and mechanism of COMMD6 by constructing a TEX41-miR-340-COMMD6 ceRNA network in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and miR-218-CDX1-COMMD6 transcriptional network in cholangiocarcinoma. In addition, COMMD6 may modulate the ubiquitination and degradation of NF-κB subunits and regulate ribonucleoprotein and spliceosome complex biogenesis in tumours. CONCLUSIONS: This study may help to elucidate the functions and mechanisms of COMMD6 in human tumours, providing a potential biomarker for tumour prevention and therapy.

Carbohydrate Sulfotransferase 4 Inhibits the Progression of Hepatitis B Virus-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Is a Potential Prognostic Marker in Several Tumors

“…All sections were counterstained with hematoxylin, visualized under a microscope (Olympus, Japan; four images per section). Two pathologists, who were blind to clinical data, calculated CHST4 expression as the sum of the percent positivity of stained tumor cells and the staining intensity (28), and they independently scored CHST4 expression in human tumors as negative, low, moderate, or high. ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States) was used for quantitative analysis of the immunohistochemical staining (29).…”

Expression profile of SYNE3 and bioinformatic analysis of its prognostic value and functions in tumors

“…On the one hand, our tissues were just randomly selected cases, so they cannot represent general conditions like data from UCSC or GEPIA. On the other hand, the mRNA level was not always consistent with protein level, and this discrepancy is also common in studies on other genes [ 20 , 21 ], though there was no related study on SYNE3 expression. Also, though SYNE3 had been reported to exist widely, its expression was not always high enough to be detected.…”

Interferon-Induced Protein 44 Correlated With Immune Infiltration Serves as a Potential Prognostic Indicator in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

“…Results exhibited the obviously inverse correlation between IFI44 mRNA and methylation site of cg07107453 ( Figure 6D ; r Pearson = −0.22, P < 0.001). Besides, ceRNA also had an essential influence on human carcinogenesis through affecting mRNA expression by competitively binding to common miRNA response elements ( 27 , 28 ). CeRNA network mainly includes protein-encoding gene mRNA, LncRNA, pseudogenes, and circular RNA.…”