Prognosis and impact of equine recurrent uveitis

Gerding, Joseph C.; Gilger, Brian C.

doi:10.1111/evj.12451

Cited by 81 publications

(151 citation statements)

References 62 publications

(110 reference statements)

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“…and ERU (Brandes et al 2007, Bryans 1955, Davidson et al 1987, Polle et al 2014, von Borstel et al 2010, Wollanke et al 2000, Wollanke et al 2001. In these studies, the amount of positive results for intraocular leptospiral antibodies ranged between 35 and 94 % (Brandes et al 2007, Dorrego-Keiter 2016, Gerding et al 2015, Gilger et al 2008, Polle et al 2014, von Borstel et al 2010, Wollanke et al 2001) of the eyes tested. In the present study the positive MAT-results ranged between 41 and 51% in L1 and L3.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identifies leptospiral DNA and culturing of intraocular material can detect living leptospires. Positive results in the literature vary between 43 and 94 % when performing the MAT on the vitreal material of affected eyes (Brandes et al 2007, Gerding et al 2015, Gilger et al 2008, Polle et al 2014, von Borstel et al 2010, Wollanke et al 2001. The PCR is able to detect leptospiral DNA in 40 to 100 % of the eyes tested in the literature (Brandes et al 2007, Faber et al 2000, Polle et al 2014, von Borstel et al 2010.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They categorized ERU into a painful "anterior uveitis/iritis", an almost painless "intermediate uveitis/cyclitis/pars planitis" and a "posterior uveitis/choroiditis" or rather "panuveitis", because not only the choroid, but also the ciliary body is usually involved during inflammation (Spiess 2010, Tömördy et al 2010, Wollanke et al 2009). There are numerous aetiological theories for the causes of ERU, but to date, the "classic ERU" is most commonly associated with an intraocular leptospiral infection (Alexander 1990, Brandes et al 2007Faber et al 2000, Frellstedt 2009, Gerding et al 2015, Gilger et al 2008, Halliwell 1985, Heusser 1948, Niedermaier et al 2006, Pearce et al 2007, Polle et al 2014, Rimpau 1947, Schwink et al 1989, Sillerud et al 1987, von Borstel et al 2010, Wiehen 2012, Wollanke et al 2000, Wollanke et al 2001. Involvement of Leptospira spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of intraocular leptospiral DNA, antibodies and Leptospira spp. in horses with equine recurrent uveitis in different laboratories

Baake¹,

Borstel²,

Rohn³

et al. 2016

PHK

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Summary: Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is an ocular disease characterized mainly by recurrent episodes of inflammation, alternating with quiescent episodes of various durations. There are numerous aetiological theories for the cause of ERU, but to date, the "classic ERU" is most commonly associated with an intraocular leptospiral infection. The pars plana vitrectomy has, so far, been the most promising treatment of ERU and is thought to be more successful in eyes with detectable leptospiral antibodies in the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and therefore a preselection is recommended. The objective of this study was to investigate whether different laboratories have an influence on the frequency of detection of leptospiral DNA and leptospiral antibodies from vitreal samples of horses with ERU and if these results are in accordance with cultural testing of the vitreal samples. Vitreal samples were obtained from 93 eyes of 78 horses of various breeds and age with a clinical history of ERU. The vitreal samples were taken at the beginning of the vitrectomy to keep the dilution of the vitreal samples as low as possible. The samples were split and sent to three different laboratories in Germany (L1, L2 and L3). Laboratory 1 (L1) performed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a MAT, laboratory 2 (L2) carried out a PCR and laboratory 3 (L3) performed a MAT, a cultural examination and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on the vitreal specimens. The amount of dilution was evaluated by comparing the urea content of 34 vitreal samples with the urea content of the serum of each of the horses at the time of sampling. Furthermore, a serial dilution was performed with undiluted vitreal material of two enucleated eyes and sent to L1 for MAT and PCR. The results of the PCR indicated a strong conformity between L1 and L2 (Kappa 0.95), both laboratories concurrently revealed 52 positive and 31 negative results and only two specimens showed deviating results. The MAT in L1 was positive in 51% of the vitreal samples tested, whereas only 41% of the vitreal samples were tested positive in L3. The conformity was, moreover, serovar-and breed-dependent. The Kappa was 0.67 when only including serovar Grippotyphosa, and was 0.82 for serovar Pomona (Tab. 5). Warmblood horses displayed a Kappa of 0.56 between L1 and L3, whereas the Kappa for the Icelandic horses was 0.91 between L1 and L3. The cultivation of leptospires was successful in 16 % of the vitreal specimens. The dilution of vitreal samples was measured to range between 1 and 2.1 with a standard deviation of 1.68. Overall, 67 vitreal samples were tested simultaneously in all three laboratories. A positive result in at least one of the tests performed occurred in 57 % (38), whereas 43 % (29) of the vitreal specimens were tested negative in all five tests performed (PCR in L1 and L2, MAT in L1 and L3, and culture in L3). The variation of agreement of the MAT between serovar Grippotyphosa and serovar Pomona and between Warmblood and Icelandic horses in L1 and L3 might be account...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Detection of intraocular leptospiral DNA, antibodies and Leptospira spp. in horses with equine recurrent uveitis in different laboratories

Baake¹,

Borstel²,

Rohn³

et al. 2016

PHK

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“…By testing aqueous humour samples, more recent publications have determined that not only serovar Pomona, but also serovar Gryppotyphosa are associated with ERU (Polle et al . ; Gerding and Gilger ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, diagnostics were not performed to definitively determine the cause of respiratory signs such as testing for viral/bacterial pathogens or airway sampling. Other possible diagnostic tests to determine the cause of uveitis include evaluating aqueous humour leptospiral titres, aqueous humour leptospiral PCR and aqueous humour culture (Gerding and Gilger ; Polle et al . ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Haemolytic anaemia and bilateral uveitis associated with leptospirosis in a 6‐year‐old Quarter Horse gelding

Delph

Sharpe

Beard

et al. 2016

Equine Veterinary Education

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Summary A 6‐year‐old Quarter Horse gelding was presented for bilateral uveitis resulting in vision loss as well as icterus. Anaemia with autoagglutination was consistent with a presumptive immune‐mediated haemolytic anaemia. Urinary PCR was positive for Leptospira spp. and microscopic agglutination test (MAT) titres were elevated to multiple serovars supportive of a diagnosis of leptospirosis. Treatments included broad spectrum antibiotics and aggressive anti‐inflammatory medications. While the horse was hospitalised, the development of bilateral corneal ulcers precluded the use of topical ophthalmic anti‐inflammatories for a number of days. The corneal ulceration resolved, vision returned in both eyes and the immune‐mediated haemolytic anaemia resolved. After 9 days of hospitalisation, oral minocycline was administered for 2 weeks at home as well as low dose oral flunixin meglumine and topical ophthalmic diclofenac and atropine. This case represents the first published case of haemolytic anaemia associated with leptospirosis in a horse.

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