“…All three UPR signaling pathways, including adaptive or apoptotic signaling molecules (Grp78, p-eIF2α, ATF4, CHOP, ATF6, p-IRE1α, XBP1 s and p-JNK), are activated during luteal-phase progression during the estrous cycle of bovines] (Park et al, 2013a) and mice (Park et al, 2014). Pro-apoptotic signaling molecules such as cleaved caspase3, JNK, and CHOP were detected, and JNK activation and CHOP expression via ER stress–mediated pro-apoptotic signaling cascades occurred prior to caspase3 activation during the regression stage of the corpus luteum (Urano et al, 2000; McCullough et al, 2001; Novoa et al, 2001; Marciniak et al, 2004; Yamaguchi and Wang 2004; Woo et al, 2009; Park et al, 2013a; Park et al, 2014). Furthermore, the dynamic change of these molecules seems to have some connection with the steroidogenic enzymes, which suggests that the UPR may influence the expression of steroidogenic enzymes (Park et al, 2013a; Park et al, 2013b).…”