2013
DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2013.07.001
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Progesterone, but not β-estradiol, enhances Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide-induced vascular endothelial growth factor-A expression in human THP-1 monocytes

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Cited by 3 publications
(3 citation statements)
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“…Ultrapure LPS from Escherichia coli 0111.B4 (TLR4 agonist) and ultrapure LPS from P. gingivalis (TLR2 agonist) were purchased from Invivogen (San Diego, CA, USA). The concentrations of β‐estradiol (0.1–10 ng/mL) and progesterone (1–100 ng/mL) used in stimulation experiments were in a range of serum hormone levels during pregnancy and were based on our previous study applying a comparable experimental setup . It has been shown that 100 ng/mL of E. coli or P. gingivalis LPS is an optimal concentration used in stimulation experiments .…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Ultrapure LPS from Escherichia coli 0111.B4 (TLR4 agonist) and ultrapure LPS from P. gingivalis (TLR2 agonist) were purchased from Invivogen (San Diego, CA, USA). The concentrations of β‐estradiol (0.1–10 ng/mL) and progesterone (1–100 ng/mL) used in stimulation experiments were in a range of serum hormone levels during pregnancy and were based on our previous study applying a comparable experimental setup . It has been shown that 100 ng/mL of E. coli or P. gingivalis LPS is an optimal concentration used in stimulation experiments .…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Interestingly, increased levels of both hormones in saliva have been found associated with the severity of gingival inflammation during pregnancy . Several biological mechanisms have been proposed to explain the pathobiology of the interaction between pregnancy and periodontal disease , including increased vascularity and vascular flow, cellular changes, alterations in oral biofilms and depression of the immune system . It has been postulated that the particularly high susceptibility to develop gingival inflammation during pregnancy is associated with qualitative deficiency of maternal immunity such as decreased function of neutrophils , reduced levels of cytokine production and impaired function of maternal T lymphocytes .…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…2 While the pathogenesis of PGs is not entirely understood, estrogen and progesterone have been hypothesized to influence growth, perhaps by regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). 3,4 Though spontaneous regression of a PG is possible, they typically require procedural treatment that can be difficult for some patients to tolerate, especially young children and individuals with intellectual disabilities, procedural anxiety, or behavioral concerns. Traditional PG treatments include surgical excision, electrocautery, cryotherapy, and laser therapy, which can be costly, invasive, result in scarring, and require an office visit or operative suite setting.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%