Profound daily vertical stratification and mixing in a small, shallow, wind-exposed lake with submerged macrophytes

Andersen, Mikkel René; Sand‐Jensen, Kaj; Woolway, R. Iestyn; Jones, Ian D.

doi:10.1007/s00027-016-0505-0

Cited by 57 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Small and shallow lakes have been regularly reckoned as fully mixed homogeneous systems in the past. While a great deal of progress in understanding the role of weak thermal stratification with surface-to-bottom temperature differentials of 1-4 • C has been made [5,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22], future studies are suggested to address the effects of diverse macrophytes commonly occupying a large portion of water on temperature and circulation dynamics in shallow lakes. The development of models that account for various vegetation types, such as floating-leaved and free-floating plants [88], are highly desired to represent their impact on drag and light attenuation conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Weak thermal stratification with surface-to-bottom temperature differentials of 1-4 • C has been reported and studied recently [16][17][18][19][20][21]. In summer seasons, water temperatures closely follow the diurnal cycle of solar radiation and air temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, macrophytes can trap and deposit suspended sediments [30] to enhance geomorphic stability [31]. Submerged macrophytes can strengthen daytime stratification due to both reduced wind mixing and increased solar radiation attenuation that result in a higher temperature difference and a stronger near surface stratification [19,32]. In other words, submerged macrophytes can alter the role of wind shear mixing and net heat flux to affect the hydrodynamic characteristics in small and shallow lakes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temperature and Circulation Dynamics in a Small and Shallow Lake: Effects of Weak Stratification and Littoral Submerged Macrophytes

Torma

2019

Water

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In this paper, the effects of littoral submerged macrophytes on weak stratification conditions in a small and shallow lake are investigated. Diverse submerged macrophytes occupying a large portion of the littoral zone act as resistance to water motions and affect lake hydrodynamics. Strong solar radiation and mild wind forcing typically occurring during the summer season result in weak stratification characterized by a diurnal cycle with a temperature differential of 1-3 • C. Temperature and circulation dynamics of a small and shallow lake are depicted by extensive field measurements and a three-dimensional non-hydrostatic model with a generic length scale (GLS) approach for the turbulence closure and drag forces induced by macrophytes. Results show that the effects of macrophytes on velocity profiles are apparent. In the pelagic area, the circulation patterns with and without macrophytes are similar. The velocity profile is generally characterized by a two-layer structure with the maximum velocity at both the water surface and the mid-depth. In contrast, inside the littoral zone, the mean flow is retarded by macrophytes and the velocity profile is changed to only one maximum velocity at the surface with a steeper decrease until 2.0 m depth and another slight decrease to the lake bottom. From the whole lake perspective, littoral macrophytes dampen the horizontal water temperature difference between the upwind side and download side of the lake. Macrophytes promote a stronger temperature stratification by retarding mean flows and reducing vertical mixing. Overall, this study shows that the temperature structures and circulation patterns under weak stratification conditions in a small and shallow lake are strongly affected by littoral vegetation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temperature and Circulation Dynamics in a Small and Shallow Lake: Effects of Weak Stratification and Littoral Submerged Macrophytes

Torma

2019

Water

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“…Future studies also need to increase the representation of different lake sizes, particularly for small ponds and large lakes. Within the small pond size class, ponds can be extremely diverse across the landscape and factors such as depth, mixing, and presence of emergent vegetation may greatly influence k [ Poindexter and Variano , ; Andersen et al , ], which needs further research. With increased efforts to improve spatial and temporal resolutions across lake sizes, our knowledge and predictive capacity of k 600 will improve.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas transfer velocities in small forested ponds

2017

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Inland waters actively exchange gases with the atmosphere, and the gas exchange rate informs system biogeochemistry, ecology, and global carbon budgets. Gas exchange in medium‐ to large‐sized lakes is largely regulated by wind; yet less is known about processes regulating gas transfer in small ponds where wind speeds are low. In this study, we determined the gas transfer velocity, k600, in four small (<250 m2) ponds by using a propane (C3H8) gas injection. When estimated across 12 h periods, the average k600 ranged from 0.19 to 0.72 m d−1 across the ponds. We also estimated k600 at 2 to 3 h intervals during the day and evaluated the relationship with environmental conditions. The average daytime k600 ranged from 0.33 to 1.83 m d−1 across the ponds and was best predicted by wind speed and air or air‐water temperature; however, the explanatory power was weak (R2 < 0.27) with high variability within and among ponds. To compare our results to larger water bodies, we compiled direct measurements of k600 from 67 ponds and lakes worldwide. Our k600 estimates were within the range of estimates for other small ponds, and variability in k600 increased with lake size. However, the majority of studies were conducted on medium‐sized lakes (0.01 to 1 km2), leaving small ponds and large lakes understudied. Overall, this study adds four small ponds to the existing body of research on gas transfer velocities from inland waters and highlights uncertainty in k600, with implications for calculating metabolism and carbon emissions in inland waters.

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“…In the case of other regions of the world, research on thermal regime of lakes referring to daily fluctuations is becoming increasingly common (Frempong 1983, Spigel et al 1986, Wilhelm et al 2006, Andersen et al 2017, Frassl et al 2018. Comparable research on daily water temperature fluctuations between mutually neighbouring lakes was conducted by among others Woolway et al (2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of daily water temperature fluctuations in lake kierskie (West Poland)

Ptak

Sojka

Nowak

2019

Quaestiones Geographicae

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The paper presents the dynamics of daily water temperature fluctuations in Lake Kierskie (West Poland) and determines the effect of air temperatures and wind speed on the variability of the parameter (water temperature). The analysis was based on hourly water temperature values from the period from May 2012 to January 2018. The data analysis permitted the description of the thermal regime of waters in the lake in the hourly cycle in reference to each month, and designation of months characterised by the highest and lowest stability of water temperatures. More than half of the analysed days was characterised by a change in water temperature not exceeding 1°C. The course of water temperature showed strongly positive correlations with air temperature, and weak correlations with wind speed. Water temperatures in the lake were correlated the strongest with air temperatures with a 24 h time step.

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Profound daily vertical stratification and mixing in a small, shallow, wind-exposed lake with submerged macrophytes

Cited by 57 publications

References 55 publications

Temperature and Circulation Dynamics in a Small and Shallow Lake: Effects of Weak Stratification and Littoral Submerged Macrophytes

Temperature and Circulation Dynamics in a Small and Shallow Lake: Effects of Weak Stratification and Littoral Submerged Macrophytes

Gas transfer velocities in small forested ponds

Characteristics of daily water temperature fluctuations in lake kierskie (West Poland)

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