Profiling the diversity of Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in wastewater treatment plants in Australia using next generation sequencing

Zahedi, Alireza; Gofton, Alexander W.; Greay, Telleasha L.; Monis, Paul; Oskam, Charlotte L.; Ball, Andrew; Bath, Andrew; Watkinson, Andrew; Robertson, Ian D.; Ryan, Una

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.024

Cited by 48 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…Regarding humans, two species are responsible for the large majority of infections: C. parvum and C. hominis . C. parvum is known to be able to infect a large diversity of hosts including humans, ruminants, rodents whereas C. hominis, which was considered for a long time specific to humans, is currently observed in other hosts such as ruminants [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. More rarely, and thanks to the development of molecular epidemiology tools, other species have been identified in humans (especially in those with any kind of immunodepression): C. xiaoi, C. felis, C. meleagridis, C. canis, C. erinacei, C. cuniculus, C. viatorum, and C. occultus [ 6 , 11 , 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Cryptosporidiosis in France from 2017 to 2019

et al. 2020

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Cryptosporidiosis is currently recognized worldwide as a leading cause of moderate to severe diarrhea. In Europe, large water- and foodborne outbreaks have been reported, highlighting the widespread distribution of the parasite and its important health impact. Surveillance networks have been progressively set up and the aim of this study was to present recent epidemiological data obtained in France from 2017 to 2019 by the National Reference Center—Expert Laboratory of cryptosporidiosis (Centre National de Référence–Laboratoire Expert cryptosporidioses CNR-LE). Data were obtained from online reports of volunteer network participants and stools were sent to the CNR-LE for species identification and GP60 genotyping. During this period, data from 750 online reports were available. Cryptosporidiosis occurred predominantly in young children (<5 years old) and in young adults, especially during late summer. Most patients were immunocompetent (60%), and deaths were reported only in immunocompromised patients. Cryptosporidium parvum was largely predominant (72% of cases) over C. hominis (24%) and some other uncommon species. C. parvum GP60 subtypes IIa and IId were the most represented, which suggests frequent zoonotic transmission. For C. hominis, subtypes IbA10G2 and IaA22R2 were predominant.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Cryptosporidiosis in France from 2017 to 2019

et al. 2020

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“…For example, several assemblages of G. duodenalis (A-H) and about 37 species of Cryptosporidium have been described as associated with different hosts. Of these, particular genotypes of C. parvum , C. hominis , C. andersoni , C. meleagridis , C. ubiquitum , C. cuniculus , C. suis and G. duodenalis assemblages A and B are of special interest because they have been reported in water sources and may also present zoonotic potential [ 27 , 28 ]. The identification of the different genotypes of these protozoan parasites in water sources can be useful to determine the possible sources of contamination through their association with the type of host they parasitize.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular detection and genotyping of pathogenic protozoan parasites in raw and treated water samples from southwest Colombia

et al. 2018

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BackgroundProtozoan parasites such as Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora cayetanensis, Toxoplasma gondii and Entamoeba histolytica represent a great challenge to the systems producing water for human consumption because their cystic forms are persistent in the environment and resist to the disinfection methods conventionally used for their control. In this study, we investigated the presence of these protozoan pathogens in both raw and treated water samples used for the production of drinking water in Nariño Department, southwest Colombia. We collected 110 water samples (10 lof each sample) and analyzed them with real-time PCR (qPCR). qPCR-positive samples were genotyped with PCR and DNA sequencing.ResultsGiardia duodenalis was detected in 35/110 (31.8%) of the samples and Cryptosporidium spp. in 9/110 (8.2%) of the samples; no sample was positive for T. gondii, E. histolytica or C. cayetanensis. Giardia duodenalis was detected in samples of both raw water (Drinking Water Treatment Plants (DWTP): 47.83%;Drinking Water Rural Plants (DWRP): 18.42%) and water collected either after conventional physicochemical treatment (26.09%) or after disinfection by chlorine (50%), whereas Cryptosporidium spp. were only detected in raw waters (DWTP: 17.39%; DWRP: 13.16%). The two pathogens were detected in both types of treatment plants supplying water to urban areas and to rural zones. Analysis of gdh and tpi markers identified assemblages AI, AII and H of G. duodenalis, while analysis of the small subunit rRNA and gp60 markers of Cryptosporidium-positive samples identified C. parvum (Subtype IIcA5G3c), C. galli, C. molnari, Cryptosporidium sp. genotype II of bats and Cryptosporidium sp. genotype VIII of birds.ConclusionsThe results obtained demonstrate the presence of protozoan parasites in the water of the study region, and the need to improve the surveillance systems for these pathogens and identify the corresponding sources of contamination.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3147-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…So, whilst Cryptosporidium is a zoonotic pathogen, its presence in treated wastewater is not unusual. Zahedi et al (2018) summarises the results of 27 studies (including the results of their study) that assess the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in wastewater. These studies conducted across Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America and South America observed Cryptosporidium prevalence in wastewater ranging from 6.4-100%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogen infection risk to recreational water users, associated with surface waters impacted by de facto and indirect potable reuse activities

Purnell

Halliday²,

Newman

et al. 2020

Science of The Total Environment

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Water deficit, exacerbated by global population increases and climate change, necessitates the investigation of alternative non-traditional water sources to augment existing supplies.Indirect potable reuse (IPR) represents a promising alternative water source in water-stressed 2 regions. Of high concern is the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in wastewater, such as enteric viruses, protozoa and bacteria. Therefore, a greater understanding of the potential impact to human health is required. The aim of this research was to use a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) approach to calculate the probability of potential pathogen infection to the public in surface waters used for a range of recreational activities under scenarios: 1) existing de facto wastewater reuse conditions; 2) after augmentation with conventionally treated wastewater; and 3) after augmentation with reclaimed wastewater from proposed IPR schemes. Fourty-four 31 L samples were collected from river sites and a coastal wastewater treatment works from July 2016-May 2017. Concentrations of faecal indicator organisms (enterococci, faecal coliforms, somatic coliphages and Bacteroides phages) determined using culture-based approaches and selected pathogens (adenovirus, Salmonella and Cryptosporidium) determined using molecular approaches (qPCR) were used to inform QMRA. The mean probability of infection from adenovirus under de facto conditions was high (>0.90) for all recreational activities, per single event. The risk of adenovirus and Cryptosporidium infection increased under augmentation scenario (2) (mean probability 0.95-1.00 and 0.01-0.06 per single event, respectively). Adenovirus and Cryptosporidium infection risk decreased under reclaimed water augmentation scenario (3) (mean probability <0.79, excluding swimming, which remained 1.00 and <0.01 per single event, respectively). Pathogen reduction after reclaimed water augmentation in surface waters impacted by de facto reuse, provides important evidence for alternative water supply option selection. As such, this evidence may inform water managers and the public of the potential benefits of IPR and improve acceptance of such practices in the future.

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Profiling the diversity of Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in wastewater treatment plants in Australia using next generation sequencing

Cited by 48 publications

References 96 publications

Epidemiology of Cryptosporidiosis in France from 2017 to 2019

Epidemiology of Cryptosporidiosis in France from 2017 to 2019

Molecular detection and genotyping of pathogenic protozoan parasites in raw and treated water samples from southwest Colombia

Pathogen infection risk to recreational water users, associated with surface waters impacted by de facto and indirect potable reuse activities

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