Profiling of Circulating Exosomes in Patients with Waldenström Macroglobulinemia

Abstract

Introduction. Waldenström Macroglobulinemia (WM) is a low- grade B-cell lymphoma with a heterogeneous clinical presentation. In many patients, the diagnosis is preceded by an asymptomatic precursor state of IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering WM. However, little is known about the mechanisms involved in the progression from asymptomatic WM to symptomatic WM. Exosomes are small vesicles secreted by cells that enable the transfer of nucleic acids, proteins and lipids between distant cells in the organism. Because of the active role of exosomes in promoting tumor growth and metastasis, we investigated the microRNA content of circulating exosomes in patients at different stages of WM in order to identify possible markers of progression. Methods.We isolated exosomes by ultracentrifugation from the peripheral blood plasma of 101 patients with WM and 10 normal donors. The WM cases included 7 patients with IgM MGUS, 42 patients with smoldering WM and 52 patients with symptomatic WM. We first profiled microRNAs from the exosomes of 14 patients and 5 normal controls using the TaqMan Array Human MicroRNA A Card (Thermo Fisher Scientific) which enables the quantitation of 377 human microRNAs. Exosomes from an additional group of 14 individuals (2 normal donors, 8 patients with asymptomatic WM and 4 patients with symptomatic WM) were profiled with the Oncology Panel of the Firefly Multiplex Circulating miRNA Assay (Abcam), which measures the expression level of 68 different human microRNAs. Following these analyses, a group of 33 microRNAs deregulated between patients' groups was selected and a custom microRNA panel was built to allow quantitation of these microRNAs with the Firefly Multiplex Circulating miRNA Assay (Abcam). The level of expression of these 33 microRNAs was measured in a group of 80 individuals comprised of healthy controls (n=8), patients with asymptomatic WM including IgM MGUS and smoldering WM (n=34) and patients with previously untreated symptomatic WM (n=11), relapsed WM (n=21) and refractory WM (n=6). Additionally, exosomes were imaged using electron microscopy with immunogold labeling for the detection of the exosome-specific receptors CD63 and CD81. Results. Imaging with electron microscopy showed vesicles with a size ranging from 50 to 150 nm and expressing CD63 and CD81, thus validating our ultracentrifugation method for exosome isolation. Among the 33 microRNAs analyzed, 12 were significantly deregulated between WM patients and healthy controls (P<0.05), of which 6 were upregulated and 6 downregulated. When comparing patients with IgM MGUS and smoldering WM to patients with symptomatic WM, the expression level of 7 microRNAs differed significantly (P<0.05), including 2 microRNAs underexpressed and 5 microRNAs overexpressed in symptomatic patients. Among the microRNAs whose expression most significantly correlated with disease progression were let-7d, miR-93-5p, miR-103a-3p, miR-192-5p and miR-320b. Conclusion. The microRNA content of circulating exosomes differs at different stages of WM progression. This could potentially be used to further define prognostic markers of progression in patients with WM, specifically progression from asymptomatic WM to overt WM. The study of these deregulated microRNAs' effect on in vitro and in vivo WM models can help us gain insights on mechanisms of disease progression in WM. Disclosures Castillo: Janssen: Honoraria; Abbvie: Research Funding; Pharmacyclics: Honoraria; Biogen: Consultancy; Otsuka: Consultancy; Millennium: Research Funding. Treon:Pharmacyclics: Consultancy, Research Funding; Janssen: Consultancy. Roccaro:Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited: Honoraria. Hermine:Novartis: Research Funding; AB science: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Patents & Royalties, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Alexion: Research Funding; Celgene: Research Funding. Ghobrial:Noxxon: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding; BMS: Honoraria, Research Funding; Takeda: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria; Amgen: Honoraria.

The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in the Pathogenesis of Hematological Malignancies: Interaction with Tumor Microenvironment; a Potential Biomarker and Targeted Therapy

“…In Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM), a higher level of EVs and associated miR-155 was reported in the plasma compared to healthy controls, which could be used as a potential biomarker for WL [ 195 , 198 ]. However, EVs’ miRNA composition may change depending on the disease stages [ 207 ]. Table 4 summarizes how EVs act as a biomarker in different hematological malignancies.…”

“…Up [195] miR-215 Up [199] MM CD38, CD138, CD147 Up [66,195,200] CD44 Up [201] let-7b, miR-18a Down [202] CLL CD19, CD37 Up [203] CD52 Up [139] CD19, CD5, CD44, CD31, CD55, CD82, CD62L, HLA-A, B, C, HLA-DR Up [204] CD49c, CD21, CD63 Down [204] miR-155 Up [205] HL CD30 Down [195] miR-155, miR-127, miR-21, let-7 Up [195,206] WL miR-155 Up [195,207] EVs in drug resistance. Cancer cells often acquire resistance by decreased accumulation of drugs inside the cells, increased drug efflux outside the cells, compartmentalization of drugs, and alteration of cellular pathways targeted by specific drugs [208].…”

Extracellular Vesicles in Hematological Malignancies: From Biology to Therapy

“…The miR155 amount also had a positive correlation trend with the International Prognostic Scoring System. Interestingly, Exo miRNA content may also differ at different phases of disease [ 142 ] and this could potentially be used as a marker of progression in patients with WM.…”