Profiling of Antibiotic Residues in Surface Water of River Yamuna Stretch Passing through Delhi, India

Abstract

The River Yamuna is one of the largest rivers in northern India. It serves as a major source of potable water to the National Capital Delhi. A study was carried out to monitor and quantify three common antibiotics in surface water, with the help of Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) coupled with the Mass spectrophotometer (MS/MS)-based method. All the major river water locations in the research area were sampled in triplicate to determine the significant presence of antibiotics from local areas, hospitals, drug manufacturing facilities, and residential areas. Using spiked, as well as actual samples, an optimized method for the detection and quantification of different concentrations of antibiotics was developed. Spatiotemporal variations in the physicochemical properties at the five sites, including reference site-6 (Jamia Millia Islamia), during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon period, were also investigated. Maximum concentration was observed during the pre-monsoon season followed by the post-monsoon season. The highest detected antibiotic concentration from the river water samples was that of ofloxacin (145.3794 ng/mL), followed by amoxicillin (3.033 ng/mL) and erythromycin (2.171 ng/mL). An aquatic environment may be very vulnerable to dangers from these pharmaceutical residues, according to this risk assessment. Additionally, the levels and compositions of pharmaceutical residue in the aquatic ecosystem might be influenced by seasonal agricultural application, precipitation, and temperature. The findings revealed the existence of antibiotics because of their indiscriminate usage, which may have resulted in the development of resistant strains and ultimately contributed to the spread of antibiotic resistance among living organisms in the river. Thus, attention is required particularly to this section of river as it is the local lifeline source for urban consumers for the domestic water supply and farmers for cultivation.

Detection of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds in Tap Water Samples by Direct Injection HPLC/MS-MS: A Danger Signal in Deficiency in Residue Management

“…The results obtained from the analysis of tap water samples are shown in Table 4, as can be seen, the occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in tap water samples was from 69 -81% in overall samples, except for cefotaxime, cefuroxime, ampicillin were below the LODs, and trimethoprim was not detected in the samples. These ndings represent an alarm signal for the co-occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds indicating that the management network distribution of tap water has been not adequate for the elimination of this type of pollutants, in addition to the risk assessment that has been previously reported [15,[20][21][22][23]. The pharmaceutical compounds detected at higher concentrations were amoxicillin and cipro oxacin in ranges of 2 -147 µg/L and 22 -44 µg/L, respectively.…”

A comprehensive review on the fate and impact of antibiotic residues in the environment and public health: A special focus on the developing countries

“…A study monitored and quantified three popular antibiotics in surface water from the river Yamuna in Delhi, Reference: Arsène et al, 2022;Chowdhury et al, 2015;Muaz et al, 2018 India, using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) and Mass Spectrophotometer (MS/MS) technology. The river water samples contained the most antibiotics: ofloxacin (145.3794 ng/ml), amoxicillin (3.033 ng/ml), and erythromycin (2.171 ng/ml) (Akhter et al, 2023). In one study, five classes of 20 antibiotics were observed in the Huangpu River's water and sedimentary phases, which supply Shanghai City's drinking water.…”

“…Gaining a more precise understanding of the behavior and long‐term effects of antibiotic residues will aid in the assessment of their risks to ecosystems and the development of appropriate mitigation measures. The scenario of antibiotic residues in developing countries has received relatively less attention in the literature. Only a few studies (Akhter et al, 2023; Ashfaq et al, 2023; Bakar et al, 2014; Bari et al, 2020) have specifically focused on exploring antibiotic residues in developing countries. Given the unique challenges and characteristics of these regions, it is crucial to conduct more research to understand the occurrence, fate, and impacts of antibiotic residues in developing countries.…”

Soil Study and Identification of Plant Species Growing Near Two Thermal Springs (Ain El Haouamed and Ain Hamra) in the Eastern Region of Morocco

“…This complex interaction between water, soil, plants and other factors raises crucial questions about the sustainability of agriculture, ecosystem preservation and the quality of native vegetation. This interaction can result in an improvement or deterioration in soil quality (Martínez Barroso and Vaverková, 2020;Akhter et al, 2023;Boujraf et al, 2023).…”