Profiles of Proinflammatory Cytokines and T Cells in Patients With Tourette Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis

Liu, Ying; Wang, Xiaolin; Yang, Han‐Xue; Liu, Yanlin; Gui, Jingang; Cui, Yonghua

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.843247

Cited by 6 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…Ying Li et al conducted a meta-analysis in 2022 to indicate changes in proinflammatory cytokine patterns and T cells in pediatric patients with Tourette syndrome. They proved an association between peripheral immune system activation and Tourette syndrome [20]. Another study conducted in 2010 has shown that interleukin-2 (IL-2) concentrations are associated with the severity of tic disorders [21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Tic disorder in allergic rhinitis children and adolescents: a case-control study

Esmaeilzadeh,

Yousefi,

Mortazavi

et al. 2024

BMC Pediatr

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Background Allergic rhinitis is the most common allergic disease. It can accompany psychological disorders such as tic disorders due to the prolonged course of the symptoms of allergic rhinitis. This pioneer case-control study aims to investigate tic disorders in children and adolescents under 18 years of age diagnosed with allergic rhinitis. Method The case group in this study consisted of patients who had both allergic rhinitis and tic disorders. Patients with allergic rhinitis without tic disorders were also enrolled as the control group with matched gender and age. Demographic characteristics, tic classifications, and contributing factors for allergic rhinitis and tic disorders were studied among the cases. Tic disorders were evaluated using DSM-5 criteria for the classification of tic disorders. Results 47 patients in the case group and 47 patients in the control group were included in this study. 53.2% and 46.8% were males and females in the case group, respectively. The mean age of the patients was 10.46 ± 3.97 years old. Sound tics were more common among the patients compared to motor tics. Patients with concomitant AR and tic disorders had more days per week with AR symptoms (P-value ≤ 0.001; OR (every day vs. three days a week = 11.02(2.98, 40.76))). Most patients with sound tick were women (p: 0.026), and most patients with motion tic were in the Provisional tic disorder group (p: 0.001). The history of infantile eczema was seen more in patients without sound tic (p: 0.025), and otitis media was significantly less common among patients with sound tics (p: 0.026). Provisional tic disorder was the most common class among the patients. In the case group (coexistence between allergic rhinitis and tic) compared to the control group, patients had significantly more days with AR symptoms per week. Conclusion This preliminary study indicates that Provisional tic disorder was the most common classification of tic among patients with allergic rhinitis, especially in patients with motor tics. Asthma in motor tics, a history of food allergy in infancy, and a history of infantile eczema were also common among patients with vocal tics. Also, patients with allergic rhinitis and tic had more severe disease (more symptoms per week) than those with rhinitis alone. These findings emphasize the association of tic disorders with immunological pathways.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Tic disorder in allergic rhinitis children and adolescents: a case-control study

Esmaeilzadeh,

Yousefi,

Mortazavi

et al. 2024

BMC Pediatr

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“…Besides, many cytokines can act as neuromodulators and their expression is strictly regulated at peripheral and central nervous systems by means of neurotransmitters 29 . A recent meta-analysis found elevated levels of increased levels of proin ammatory cytokines in pediatric patients with Tourette syndrome, including TNF-α and IL-6 5 . Consistent with this analysis, we found elevated levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-4 expression among children with TD, while state anxiety among those children correlated positively with IL-17 levels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies conducted in the last three decades suggest that immune mechanisms may play a role in the development of TD. For instance, various studies suggest that children with TD may have elevated levels of proin ammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-17, and IFN-γ 5 . TD among children was found to be associated with autoimmune disorders such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis and possibly eczema and food allergies 6 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytokine Expression Profiles in Children and Adolescents with Tic Disorders.

Kutuk,

Tufan

et al. 2024

Preprint

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The etiology of tic disorders (TDs) is not precisely known, although several lines of evidence suggest involvement of the immune system in pathogenesis. Here, we aimed to determine the expression levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in children with TD and compare them with those of healthy controls. Furthermore, we also evaluated their association with clinical variables in the TD group. Within the study period, 88 children with tic disorders and 111 healthy control children were enrolled. Most children with tic disorders were diagnosed with Tourette’s disorder (n = 47, 53.4%) or persistent motor tic disorder (n = 39, 44.3%), while the remainder (n = 2, 2.3%) were diagnosed with persistent vocal tic disorder. We found that children with tic disorders had significantly elevated levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-4 expression, while healthy control cases presented with increased levels of IL-17. Our findings provide a molecular landscape of cytokine expression in children with TD, which may suggest a proinflammatory state not affected by the presence of comorbidity and symptom severity. Delineating the contribution of alterations in the immune system to the pathogenesis of tic disorders will have critical implications for diagnosis and therapeutic interventions.

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“…Leckman et al also compared tic disorder patients and healthy controls, showing that the patients had elevated IL-12 and TNF-α levels [ 30 ]. A recent meta-analysis summarizing 25 studies also identified small-to-large effect sizes for increased IL-6 levels and a large effect size for increased TNF-α levels in tic disorder patients [ 31 ]. Additionally, although not directly about tic disorders, some studies found that OCD patients, which is comorbid with tic disorder, have increased monocytes compared to healthy controls, which in turn release more cytokines including GM-CSF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α [ 10 , 32 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytokine levels reflect tic symptoms more prominently during mild phases

Chi,

Mok,

Kang

et al. 2023

BMC Neurosci

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Tic disorder is a neuropsychiatric condition that affects 3% of all children and can have a significant impact on their quality of life. Cytokines, interferons, interleukins, lymphokines, and tumor necrosis factors are involved in the neuroinflammatory circuitry of tic disorders. This study aimed to identify the cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of tic disorders. We enrolled 44 patients with tic disorder and 38 healthy controls. Patients were free of psychotropic medications for at least 3 weeks. Whole blood samples were analyzed using a Luminex® human cytokine multiplex assay kit. Patients were divided into groups with “mild tics” and “above moderate tics” based on Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) scores for comparison. The final analysis included 35 patients (28 male and 7 female) and 31 controls (20 male and 11 female). In the mild tic group, interleukin (IL)-12 p70 negatively correlated with motor tic scores. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IL-4, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were positively correlated to phonic tic scores. IL-12 p40 and TNF-α were positively correlated to total tic scores. IL-12 p70 and IL-17a negatively correlated to impairment scores and total YGTSS scores. Tic disorder patients and healthy controls exhibit different cytokine profiles. Only patients with mild symptoms exhibit significant correlations, suggesting that the correlations between cytokine levels and tic symptoms are more relevant during the mild or remission phases. Our results present the importance of IL-1β and TNF-α, among others, but the identification of key cytokines are still necessary.

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Profiles of Proinflammatory Cytokines and T Cells in Patients With Tourette Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis

Cited by 6 publications

References 46 publications

Tic disorder in allergic rhinitis children and adolescents: a case-control study

Tic disorder in allergic rhinitis children and adolescents: a case-control study

Cytokine Expression Profiles in Children and Adolescents with Tic Disorders.

Cytokine levels reflect tic symptoms more prominently during mild phases

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