“…There have been few metabolomic studies in patients with 5p−; however, some studies showed an increase in amino acids such as proline, threonine (Thr) (Kühner, Büsse, & Buchinger, ), aspartate (Asp), asparagine (Asn) and histidine (His) in urine samples, and an increase in Asp and Asn in plasmatic samples (Lejeune et al, ). A recent study showed increases in methionine sulfoxide (MetO), serotonin and aspartic acid as well as a decrease in ornithine (Orn), citrulline (Cit), leucine (Leu), valine (Val), isoleucine (Ile), Asn, glutamine (Gln), tryptophan (Trp), Thr, His, phenylalanine (Phe), methionine (Met) and creatinine levels in the plasma of 5p− patients (Furtado et al, ).…”