Profibrinolytic effect of Enzamin, an extract of metabolic products from Bacillus subtilis AK and Lactobacillus

Tamura, Yukinori; Okada, Kiyotaka; Kawao, Naoyuki; Yano, Masato; Ueshima, Shigeru; Nagai, Nobuo; Matsuo, Osamu

doi:10.1007/s11239-011-0552-2

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…Furthermore, we previously demonstrated that Enzamin treatment increased t-PA activity, but not u-PA activity, in the blood of mice. We also reported that Enzamin contains the substances that strongly bind t-PA assessed by the IAsys resonance assay ( 9 ) . Therefore, it is assumed that the pro-fibrinolytic state induced by Enzamin might be associated with the improvement of insulin resistance in obese mice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have shown previously that Enzamin displays profibrinolytic anti-thrombotic properties both in vitro and in vivo ( 9 ) . However, the effects of Enzamin on the metabolic syndrome have not yet been elucidated.…”

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confidence: 98%

“…Enzamin is a product from Bacillus subtilis AK and Lactobacillus , treated under physically adverse conditions such as heat treatment, and acid treatment ( 9 ) . We have shown previously that Enzamin displays profibrinolytic anti-thrombotic properties both in vitro and in vivo ( 9 ) . However, the effects of Enzamin on the metabolic syndrome have not yet been elucidated.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Enzamin ameliorates adipose tissue inflammation with impaired adipocytokine expression and insulin resistance in db/db mice

et al. 2013

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The effects of Enzamin on obesity-related metabolic disorders in obese db/db mice were examined to explore a novel agent for the prevention of insulin resistance. Db/db mice were treated with water containing Enzamin (0·1 and 1·0 %) for 8 weeks from 6 weeks of age. Enzamin treatment at 1·0 %, but not at 0·1 %, significantly decreased the fasting plasma glucose, serum total cholesterol and TAG levels in db/db mice, without affecting body weight gain and body fat composition. Furthermore, insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance were improved by the treatment of db/db mice with 1·0 % Enzamin. Immunohistochemical studies and gene expression analysis showed that 1·0 % Enzamin treatment suppressed macrophage accumulation and inflammation in the adipose tissue. In addition, 1·0 % Enzamin treatment increased serum adiponectin in db/db mice. Treatment with 1·0 % Enzamin also significantly suppressed the expression of NADPH oxidase subunits, suggesting an antioxidative effect for Enzamin in the adipose tissue. Furthermore, in vitro experiments demonstrated that the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory reaction was significantly suppressed by Enzamin treatment in macrophages. Enzamin treatment increased the expression of GLUT4 mRNA in muscle, but not GLUT2 mRNA in the liver of db/db mice. Enzamin also increased the mRNA expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (CPT1a, muscle isoform) in db/db mice, whereas Enzamin treatment did not affect the mRNA expression of CPT1b (liver isoform) in db/db mice. In conclusion, our data indicate that Enzamin can improve insulin resistance by ameliorating impaired adipocytokine expression, presumably through its anti-inflammatory action, and that Enzamin possesses a potential for preventing the metabolic syndrome.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 98%

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confidence: 99%

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Enzamin ameliorates adipose tissue inflammation with impaired adipocytokine expression and insulin resistance in db/db mice

et al. 2013

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Zymography methods for visualizing hydrolytic enzymes

et al. 2013

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Zymography is a technique for studying hydrolytic enzymes on the basis of substrate degradation. It is a powerful, but often misinterpreted, tool yielding information on potential hydrolytic activities, enzyme forms and the locations of active enzymes. In this Review, zymography techniques are compared in terms of advantages, limitations and interpretations. With in gel zymography, enzyme forms are visualized according to their molecular weights. Proteolytic activities are localized in tissue sections with in situ zymography. In vivo zymography can pinpoint proteolytic activity to sites in an intact organism. Future development of novel substrate probes and improvement in detection and imaging methods will increase the applicability of zymography for (reverse) degradomics studies.

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Effects of Enzamin, a Microbial Product, on Alterations of Intestinal Microbiota Induced by a High-Fat Diet

et al. 2022

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In the human intestinal tract, there are more than 100 trillion microorganisms classified into at least 1000 different species. The intestinal microbiota contributes to the regulation of systemic physiologic functions and the maintenance of homeostasis of the host. It has been reported that the alteration of the intestinal microbiota is involved in metabolic syndromes, including type II diabetes and dyslipidemia, inflammatory bowel disease, allergic disease, and cancer growth. It has been reported that a microbial product from Paenibacillus polymyxa AK, which was named Enzamin, ameliorated adipose inflammation with impaired adipocytokine expression and insulin resistance in db/db mice. In order to investigate the effect of Enzamin on the intestinal microbiota and inflammation induced by obesity, mice were fed with a high-fat diet and 1% Enzamin for 4 weeks. Enzamin improved the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio and altered the intestinal microbiota in mice fed the high-fat diet. In addition, Enzamin suppressed the decreased expression of claudin-4 and the increased serum LPS level in mice fed with the high-fat diet. Modulating the intestinal microbiota with Enzamin may cause a decrease in serum LPS level. Based on these results, Enzamin may improve inflammation and metabolic disorders by regulating the intestinal microbiota in obese mice.

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Profibrinolytic effect of Enzamin, an extract of metabolic products from Bacillus subtilis AK and Lactobacillus

Cited by 3 publications

References 18 publications

Enzamin ameliorates adipose tissue inflammation with impaired adipocytokine expression and insulin resistance in db/db mice

Enzamin ameliorates adipose tissue inflammation with impaired adipocytokine expression and insulin resistance in db/db mice

Zymography methods for visualizing hydrolytic enzymes

Effects of Enzamin, a Microbial Product, on Alterations of Intestinal Microbiota Induced by a High-Fat Diet

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