Professionals’ Views on the Comparatively Low Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in Spain

Castro, Arabella; Lila, Marisol; Gracia, Enrique; Wemrell, Maria

doi:10.1177/10778012211021106

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 57 publications

(81 reference statements)

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“…The higher prevalence of IPVAW among younger people could also be the result of a backlash against increasing macro-level gender equality and IPVAW policies (Latzman et al, 2019; Roberts, 2011; Whaley & Messner, 2002; Xie et al, 2012). The backlash hypothesis has been proposed to explain the Nordic paradox phenomenon, according to which Nordic countries, which are among those with the highest levels of gender equality in the world, have at the same time high levels of IPVAW prevalence (Castro et al, 2022; Gómez-Casillas et al, 2023; Gracia & Merlo, 2016; Ivert et al, 2020; Wemrell et al, 2020). In recent years, Spain has experienced notable advances in gender equality and IPVAW policies, which may have led to a backlash effect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Comparatively, Spain is one of the EU member states with the lowest prevalence of IPVAW (FRA, 2014; Gracia & Merlo, 2016; Martín-Fernández et al, 2019, 2020; Vives-Cases et al, 2011). Among its European neighbors, and internationally, Spain also stands out for its measures against IPVAW, mainly brought in by the Organic Law on Integral Protection Measures Against Gender Violence in 2004 (see Castro et al, 2022, for a more detailed description). Various international organizations have recognized this law as one of the most innovative and far-reaching pieces of IPVAW legislation (European Institute for Gender Equality, 2014; United Nations, 2010).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Various international organizations have recognized this law as one of the most innovative and far-reaching pieces of IPVAW legislation (European Institute for Gender Equality, 2014; United Nations, 2010). By taking a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach to IPVAW (including preventive, educational, and social aspects as well as criminal sanctions), this law led to an increase in awareness and prevention campaigns, greater attention in the media, and specialized training for professionals (Castro et al, 2022; Corradi & Stöckl, 2016; Sanz-Barbero, Corradi et al, 2018; Vives-Cases & La Parra Casado, 2008). Interestingly, and despite these measures, prevalence rates in Spain have remained quite stable over the years.…”

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confidence: 99%

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High Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in Young Adulthood: Is Prevention Failing?

Gracia

García-Senlle

Martín-Fernández

et al. 2023

J Interpers Violence

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In the last decades, prevention measures have been taken globally to reduce the high prevalence of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) in our societies. As a consequence, a gradual reduction in the prevalence of IPVAW in the younger generations should be expected. However, international prevalence data suggest that this is not the case. In the present study, we aim to compare IPVAW-prevalence rates across age groups in the adult population in Spain. We used data from the Spanish 2019 national survey based on 9,568 interviews with women, reporting IPVAW in three time periods: lifetime, the last 4 years, and the last year. To ensure accurate comparisons of IPVAW-prevalence rates across age groups, we first examined the psychometric properties, and measurement invariance of the set of questions addressing the different types of IPVAW (i.e., physical, sexual, psychological) in this survey. Results supported a three-factor latent structure addressing psychological, physical, and sexual IPVAW, showing high-internal consistency and validity evidence. For lifetime prevalence, the youngest age groups (18–24 years) were those with the highest latent mean in psychological and physical IPVAW, with those aged 25 to 34 years having the highest score in sexual IPVAW. Women aged 18 to 24 years showed the highest factor scores in the three types of violence during the last 4 years and during the last year. A number of potential explanatory hypotheses are proposed to better understand the high prevalence of IPVAW among younger generations. The reason why IPVAW prevalence remains alarmingly high among young women, despite the preventive measures taken in recent years, is a research question that remains open. Prevention efforts should target younger generations if IPVAW is to be eradicated in the long term. However, this goal will only be achieved if those prevention efforts prove to be effective.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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High Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in Young Adulthood: Is Prevention Failing?

Gracia

García-Senlle

Martín-Fernández

et al. 2023

J Interpers Violence

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“…The sample was mostly composed of Spanish men, which limits its heterogeneity. It should be noted that IPV is not widely condoned among the Spanish population as reported by the Eurobarometer 449 (European Commission, 2017), and Spain has a distinguished history of challenging this type of violence (Castro et al, 2022; European Institute for Gender Equality, 2013), so the generalizability of the findings to other contexts should be made with caution. Finally, a limitation related to data collection refers to the difficulties often encountered in interpreting participants’ interview responses, as these were not collected by the study researchers, so there was no opportunity to clarify or specify ambiguous answers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Determined Goals of Male Participants Attending an Intervention Program for Intimate Partner Violence Perpetrators: A Thematic Analysis

Roldán-Pardo

Santirso

Expósito-Álvarez

et al. 2023

Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol

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Treatment adherence and motivation to change are among the main challenges in intervention programs for Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) perpetrators. Motivational strategies have shown promising results in increasing the effectiveness of intervention programs for IPV perpetrators. One of these motivational strategies is goal setting. The aim of this study was to analyze and categorize the self-determined goals ( n = 204) of 227 male participants attending an intervention program for IPV perpetrators. Findings of the thematic analysis suggested three levels of analysis: 4 core categories, 12 categories, and 35 codes. The four core categories were “interpersonal relationships” (39.7%), “personal resources for daily life” (29.3%), “coping strategies” (27.8%), and “motivation to change” (3.2%). Identifying the main categories of self-determined goals of IPV perpetrators could guide professionals to tailor the intervention to participants’ specific needs and implement evidence-based strategies to strengthen goal attainment and improve treatment outcomes.

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“…Spain is one of the countries with the lowest reported lifetime prevalence of physical and/or sexual IPVAW (13%) in the EU (Castro et al, 2022;FRA, 2014;Martín-Fernández et al, 2019. According to available national official survey data, the IPVAW prevalence in Spain has remained consistently low over the years: 12.4% in 1999years: 12.4% in , 11.1% in 2002years: 12.4% in , 9.6% in 2006years: 12.4% in , 10.9% in 2011years: 12.4% in , 12.5% in 2015years: 12.4% in and 14.2% in 2019 Gobierno para la Violencia de Género, 2020).…”

Section: The Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Professional’s Views on the ‘Nordic Paradox’ in a Low Intimate Partner Violence Prevalence Country

Castro,

Lila,

Wemrell

et al. 2024

Span. J. Psychol.

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The apparently contradictory co-existence of high levels of gender equality and intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) found in Nordic countries has been termed the Nordic Paradox. The aim of this study was to examine how the Nordic Paradox is discussed and explained by Spanish professionals working in the IPVAW field. Five focus groups (n = 19) and interviews with key informants (n = 10) were conducted. Four main categories of possible explanations for the Nordic Paradox were identified: Macro-micro disconnect (i.e., discordance between individual beliefs and behaviors and macro-social norms of gender equality), IPVAW as multicausal (i.e., IPVAW defined as a multicausal phenomenon that does not necessarily have to be associated with gender equality), cultural patterns of social relationships (i.e., the role of social relationships and the way people relate to each other in the Nordic countries), and backlash effect (i.e., men’s reaction to greater equality for women). Although this study does not provide a final explanation for the Nordic paradox, its results provide us with a better understanding of the phenomenon and can help to advance research in this field.

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Professionals’ Views on the Comparatively Low Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in Spain

Cited by 4 publications

References 57 publications

High Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in Young Adulthood: Is Prevention Failing?

High Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in Young Adulthood: Is Prevention Failing?

Self-Determined Goals of Male Participants Attending an Intervention Program for Intimate Partner Violence Perpetrators: A Thematic Analysis

Professional’s Views on the ‘Nordic Paradox’ in a Low Intimate Partner Violence Prevalence Country

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