Professional urban agriculture and its characteristic business models in Metropolis Ruhr, Germany

Pölling, Bernd; Mergenthaler, Marcus; Lorleberg, Wolf

doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.05.036

Cited by 79 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…With regard to city proximity, findings remain equivocal: In case studies conducted in the UK [85], Denmark [19], and Canada [32] the share of organic farming increases with proximity to the city. By contrast, studies from Switzerland [86] and Germany [57] cannot confirm this urban-rural pattern. Tobias et al (2005) see a more powerful influence of nature-based determinants, such as soil fertility and topography [86].…”

Section: "Deepening" and "Broadening" Determinants: Farms' And Farm Mmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Consumers are willing to pay higher prices for locally and transparently grown food [12,56]. Thus, urban farmers progressively apply direct sale due to nearby urban consumer potentials, newly emerging and intensifying urban demands for regional food of high quality, higher turnovers, and reduced vulnerability to macroeconomic fluctuations [3,[8][9][10]52,55,57]. Direct sale arrangements enable higher margins due to better control over prices, but demand also financial resources, knowledge, and additional labor force.…”

Section: City-proximitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generally, farm-based tourism builds one of the major diversification and farm survival strategies by contributing to the economic development of the urban-rural transition zone. Several studies confirm the importance of tourism services in urban farming: Denmark [19,29,39], The Netherlands [10], Spain [53], Germany [9,57], and North America [5,12,14].…”

Section: City-proximitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Polycentric Ruhr Metropolis is the largest German agglomeration comprising 53 communities and about five million inhabitants, which results in an average population density of above 1100 inhabitants per square kilometer [57,90]. The most densely populated central zone reaches even a population density of more than 2000 inhabitants per square kilometer (see Figure 1).…”

Section: Case Study Region Ruhr Metropolismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Farms situated at the northwestern fringe apply diversification measures less often. The two most important diversification activities are direct sale and equestrian services [57,90]. Concerning "deepening", seven per cent of Ruhr Metropolis' farms conduct direct sale, but ten per cent of the farms located in the more densely populated central zone.…”

Section: Case Study Region Ruhr Metropolismentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Location Matters: Determinants for “Deepening” and “Broadening” Diversification Strategies in Ruhr Metropolis’ Urban Farming

Pölling

Mergenthaler

2017

Sustainability

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Consumer-oriented diversification activities, such as direct sale ("deepening") as well as tourism services and care farming ("broadening"), are common business strategies of farms within urban areas. This empirical study investigates determinants of urban farming's diversification decisions by analyzing a dataset of 123 farmers in German Ruhr Metropolis. Binary logit models are used here as econometric method to determine characteristics influencing the decision to diversify. Farm characteristics, which encourage the implementation of "deepening" strategies, are: larger farm sizes, high-value production, organic farming, and livestock production. By contrast, the consumer-oriented "broadening" strategies tourism services and care farming prevail on smaller farms and on farms with horses and higher grassland shares. Agricultural extension services increase the odds to diversify. The results of the conducted binary logistic regressions show increasing odds and predicted probabilities for "deepening" and "broadening" activities when approaching the city. Farms' location advantages close to cities can be used best when applying consumer-oriented "deepening" or "broadening" strategies; namely, direct sale or other short supply chains, tourism services, and care farming. Viable business strategies of urban farming support a forward-looking integration into urban economy, society, and decision-making.

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Section: "Deepening" and "Broadening" Determinants: Farms' And Farm Mmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: City-proximitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: City-proximitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Case Study Region Ruhr Metropolismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Case Study Region Ruhr Metropolismentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Location Matters: Determinants for “Deepening” and “Broadening” Diversification Strategies in Ruhr Metropolis’ Urban Farming

Pölling

Mergenthaler

2017

Sustainability

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Beyond urban farm and community garden, a new typology of urban and peri‐urban agriculture in Europe

Jansma,

Veen,

Müller

2024

Urban Agric & Regnl Food Sys

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Today, many cites in Europe have rediscovered urban and peri‐urban agriculture (UA) as a contributor to a more healthy and sustainable urban environment. However, UA has not yet unfolded its potential due to gaps in knowledge, expertise, and advocacy. A clear typology is instrumental in identifying, understanding, and acknowledging the potential of UA at different levels of policy making. Although a number of typologies are used in practice and in literature, an overarching typology that steps beyond the local and national perspective, and that includes promising innovations like vertical farming, is lacking. The aim of this paper is to offer such a typology of urban agriculture in Europe. Based on interviews with experts in the field representing 11 European countries (n = 16) and an online survey on characteristics and dimensions of UA initiatives (n = 112; representing 18 countries), our typology exists of six different UA types: (1) urban farm, (2) community park, (3) do‐it‐yourself garden/farm, (4) zero acreage farm, (5) social farm, and (6) community garden. Although this paper presents these types as distinctive entities, we stress that a typology is inevitably a simplification of reality, as in real‐life there is an overlap in the proposed types. Moreover, seeing that the field of modern UA is highly dynamic, the typology is only a snapshot of current‐day UA. That said, the suggested typology—along with the dimensions that characterize it—structures the apparent diversity of UA and is therefore instrumental as conversation starter of UA's potential in Europe.

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Urban Agriculture—More Than Food Production

Artmann

Breuste

2020

Cities and Nature

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Professional urban agriculture and its characteristic business models in Metropolis Ruhr, Germany

Cited by 79 publications

References 25 publications

The Location Matters: Determinants for “Deepening” and “Broadening” Diversification Strategies in Ruhr Metropolis’ Urban Farming

The Location Matters: Determinants for “Deepening” and “Broadening” Diversification Strategies in Ruhr Metropolis’ Urban Farming

Beyond urban farm and community garden, a new typology of urban and peri‐urban agriculture in Europe

Urban Agriculture—More Than Food Production

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