“…After initial descriptive efforts exploring sponsorship management processes (Abratt, Clayton and Leyland 1987;Meenaghan 1983;Hoek, Gendall and Saunders 1993;Pope and Voges 1994;Thwaites 1995}, researchers have aimed to measure, in a variety of ways, the impact corporate sponsorship communication has on selected target groups, including staff, clients or the public at large (d 'Astous andBitz 1995, Farrelly, Quester andBurton 1997;Quester 1997}. With substantial budgets invested in sponsorship, however, occurrences of ambush marketing, when non-sponsors competitors reap the benefits without incurring the costs (Sandler and Shani 1989), have become more widespread and of concern to sports managers and sponsoring companies. Whether ambush effects are the outcome of strategic competitors' action (Sandler and Shani 1989} or whether they are incidental (Quester 1997}, they pose a serious threat for sponsors.…”