Products deriving from microbial fermentation are linked to insulinaemic response in pigs fed breads prepared from whole-wheat grain and wheat and rye ingredients

Theil, Peter Kappel; Jørgensen, Henry; Serena, Anja; Hendrickson, Jessica; Knudsen, Knud Erik Bach

doi:10.1017/s0007114510003715

Cited by 46 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(62 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Within each experiment, butyrate absorption varied by 2 to 3.6 times between the lowest and highest concentrations due to differences in DF content (48,65) and composition (27,67). However, not only did DF content and composition influence total SCFA and butyrate absorption, but there was also a strong relation between net butyrate absorption and the butyrate concentration in the portal vein; for the data presented in Table 2, the correlation was 0.962.…”

Section: Scfa Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 93%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Microbial Degradation of Whole-Grain Complex Carbohydrates and Impact on Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Health

Knudsen

2015

Advances in Nutrition

Self Cite

145

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Whole-grain cereals have a complex dietary fiber (DF) composition consisting of oligosaccharides (mostly fructans), resistant starch, and nonstarch polysaccharides (NSPs); the most important are arabinoxylans, mixed-linkage β(1,3; 1,4)-d-glucan (β-glucan), and cellulose and the noncarbohydrate polyphenolic ether lignin. The highest concentration of NSPs and lignin is found in the outer cell layers of the grain, and refined flour will consequently be depleted of a large proportion of insoluble DF components. The flow and composition of carbohydrates to the large intestine are directly related to the intake of DF. The type and composition of cereal DF can consequently be used to modulate the microbial composition and activity as well as the production and molar ratios of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Arabinoxylans and β-glucan in whole-grain cereals and cereal ingredients have been shown to augment SCFA production, with the strongest relative effect on butyrate. When arabinoxylans were provided as a concentrate, the effect was only on total SCFA production. Increased SCFA production in the large intestine was shown by the concentration in the portal vein, whereas the impact on the concentration in peripheral blood was less because the majority of propionate and butyrate is cleared in the liver. Active microbial fermentation with increased SCFA production reduced the exposure of potentially toxic compounds to the epithelium, potentially stimulating anorectic hormones and acting as signaling molecules between the gut and the peripheral tissues. The latter can have implications for insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis.

show abstract

Section: Scfa Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…DF amount and composition had a profound influence on the net portal absorption of SCFAs, including butyrate (27,48,65,67) (Table 2). Within each experiment, butyrate absorption varied by 2 to 3.6 times between the lowest and highest concentrations due to differences in DF content (48,65) and composition (27,67).…”

Section: Scfa Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Degradation of Whole-Grain Complex Carbohydrates and Impact on Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Health

Knudsen

2015

Advances in Nutrition

Self Cite

145

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…First, the heat production of the sow was calculated: heatproduction-sow (MJ/day) = 0.482 MJ/kg 0.75 /day × kg 0.75 + (1 − ((kg milk produced × energy content in milk)/0.78)), where 0.482 denotes the daily energy requirement for maintenance (per kg 0.75 ), energy content in milk was assumed to be 5.3, 5.0, 4.8 and 4.6 MJ/kg for week 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively (Hansen et al, 2012), and 0.78 the efficiency of converting ME to milk (Theil et al, 2004). Then, the metabolically produced water was calculated: metabolically produced water (kg/day) = heat-production-sow × 18 × 6/ (162 × 17.58 × 1000), where 18 is molecular weight for water, 6 the number of H 2 O molecules produced per molecule of glucose, 162 the molecular weight for glucose bound in starch (Theil et al, 2011), 17.58 the caloric value of dietary carbohydrates (Brouwer, 1965) and 1000 used to convert from gram to kilogram. The water output was calculated: output of water (kg/day) = water in milk + water in faeces + respiratory water loss + urinary water loss.…”

Section: Behavioural Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of varying duration of water restriction on drinking behaviour, welfare and production of lactating sows

Jensen

Schild

Theil

et al. 2016

Animal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Access to drinking water is essential for animal welfare, but it is unclear if temporary water restriction during the night represents a welfare problem. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of various durations of nightly restriction of water on thirst in loose housed lactating sows from day 10 to 28 of lactation. A total of 48 sows were deprived of water for either 0 h (n = 12; control), 3 h (n = 12; 0500 to 0800 h), 6 h (n = 12; 0200 to 0800 h) or 12 h (n = 12; 2000 to 0800 h). Control sows consumed 22% of their water intake during the night (2000 to 0800 h), whereas water consumption during this time was reduced to 13%, 7% and 0% in sows restricted for 3, 6 and 12 h. With increased duration of nightly water restriction a reduced latency to drink (26.8, 18.0, 5.3 and 6.7 min for 0, 3, 6 and 12 h sows; P < 0.001) and an increased water intake during the 1 st hour after water became accessible (2.1, 3.4, 4.7 and 5.6 l for 0, 3, 6 and 12 h sows; P < 0.001) was seen. During the last 30 min before water became accessible more sows deprived of water investigated (0%, 50%, 75%,and 50% of 0, 3, 6 and 12 h sows; P < 0.01) or forcefully manipulated (0%, 17%, 50% and 33% of 0, 3, 6 and 12 h sows; P < 0.05) the water trough, suggesting frustration and a negative experience of thirst. When all signs of imminent water access were provided, but access was delayed by 25 min, a tendency for more of the sows deprived of water for 6 and 12 h to interact forcefully with the water trough was seen (22%, 18%, 42% and 67% of 0, 3, 6 and 12 h sows; P = 0.09). Duration of water restriction did not affect water consumption on a 24-h basis, nursing behaviour or performance. In conclusion, behavioural indicators of thirst increased with increasing duration of nightly water restriction in lactating sows.

show abstract

“…Soluble isolated fiber, guar gum. and ß-ghican, can delay the absorption rate of glucose (Ellis ct al., 1995: Hooda et al, 2010, whereas soluble fiber from natural fiber sources will have no or little effect (Bach Knudsen et al, 2000b, 2005Bach Knudsen and J0rgensen, 2007;Theil et al, 2010).…”

Section: Digestion and Absorption Of Starchmentioning

confidence: 99%

TRIENNIAL GROWTH SYMPOSIUM: Effects of polymeric carbohydrates on growth and development in pigs1

Knudsen

2011

Journal of Animal Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Polymeric carbohydrates, starch and nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP), quantitatively represent the largest portion of the diets for pigs and are, therefore, the largest energy contributor. The 2 types of polysaccharides, however, have different fates and functions in the gastrointestinal tract and lead to different metabolites upon digestion. Pancreatic and mucosal enzymes in the small intestine break down the majority of starch, whereas NSP primarily are degraded by the microflora in the large intestine. Starch degradation leads to the release of glucose, which is absorbed by an active absorption process that triggers the release of insulin from the pancreas, whereas the fermentation of NSP to short-chain fatty acids (SCFA; i.e., acetate, propionate, and butyrate) occurs at a slower and more constant rate and with SCFA being absorbed by passive diffusion. Type and amounts of polymeric carbohydrates influence growth and development through different mechanisms. First, the proportion of starch to NSP plays an important role for the content of available energy (i.e., DE, ME, and NE); available energy relative to protein is crucial for performance and carcass quality. Second, the proportion of starch to NSP will influence rate and type of metabolites (i.e., glucose vs. SCFA) deriving from carbohydrate assimilation. Third and finally, the type of starch (i.e., types A, B, and C) and soluble NSP will influence the release of insulin, the hormone that facilitates nutrient uptake by tissues, organs, and cells, and thus plays a critically essential role in protein synthesis and muscle growth, as well as lipid synthesis and adipose tissue growth. In conclusion, polymeric carbohydrates influence growth and development through events in the gut and direct and indirect effects of different metabolites deriving from carbohydrate assimilation.

show abstract

Products deriving from microbial fermentation are linked to insulinaemic response in pigs fed breads prepared from whole-wheat grain and wheat and rye ingredients

Cited by 46 publications

References 37 publications

Microbial Degradation of Whole-Grain Complex Carbohydrates and Impact on Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Health

Microbial Degradation of Whole-Grain Complex Carbohydrates and Impact on Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Health

The effect of varying duration of water restriction on drinking behaviour, welfare and production of lactating sows

TRIENNIAL GROWTH SYMPOSIUM: Effects of polymeric carbohydrates on growth and development in pigs1

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About