“…In particular, a comparison between the collected actual data and found nominal data could address the first sub-objective. In addition to the dozing distance, working condition, ground slope (i.e., grade%), and materials (i.e., soil) conditions have critical effects on dozer production [3,10,21,22,23,34]. Indeed, these three independent parameters are the main parameters critically play important roles to estimate dozer actual hourly production.…”