Production routes to tailor the performance of cellulose nanocrystals

Vanderfleet, Oriana M.; Cranston, Emily D.

doi:10.1038/s41578-020-00239-y

Cited by 308 publications

(284 citation statements)

References 214 publications

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“… 256 Cellulose nanocrystals prepared by sulfuric acid treatment are as well slightly sulfated. 275 Alternatively, more hydrolytically stable polysaccharide sulfonates (carbon-linked SO 3 – ) can be obtained, for example, via a periodate oxidation of cellulose followed by a reaction with bisulfites. 271 Halogenation of a carbohydrate can be achieved with triphenylphosphine and tetrachloride to introduce chloride groups ( Figure 4 D).…”

Section: Chemical Modificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogel-Forming Algae Polysaccharides: From Seaweed to Biomedical Applications

et al. 2021

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With the increasing growth of the algae industry and the development of algae biorefinery, there is a growing need for high-value applications of algae-extracted biopolymers. The utilization of such biopolymers in the biomedical field can be considered as one of the most attractive applications but is challenging to implement. Historically, polysaccharides extracted from seaweed have been used for a long time in biomedical research, for example, agarose gels for electrophoresis and bacterial culture. To overcome the current challenges in polysaccharides and help further the development of high-added-value applications, an overview of the entire polysaccharide journey from seaweed to biomedical applications is needed. This encompasses algae culture, extraction, chemistry, characterization, processing, and an understanding of the interactions of soft matter with living organisms. In this review, we present algae polysaccharides that intrinsically form hydrogels: alginate, carrageenan, ulvan, starch, agarose, porphyran, and (nano)cellulose and classify these by their gelation mechanisms. The focus of this review further lays on the culture and extraction strategies to obtain pure polysaccharides, their structure-properties relationships, the current advances in chemical backbone modifications, and how these modifications can be used to tune the polysaccharide properties. The available techniques to characterize each organization scale of a polysaccharide hydrogel are presented, and the impact on their interactions with biological systems is discussed. Finally, a perspective of the anticipated development of the whole field and how the further utilization of hydrogel-forming polysaccharides extracted from algae can revolutionize the current algae industry are suggested.

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Section: Chemical Modificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogel-Forming Algae Polysaccharides: From Seaweed to Biomedical Applications

et al. 2021

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“…CNCs are interesting materials that exhibit several fascinating properties, such as optical activity [ 13 ], selective reflection of polarized light [ 4 ], strong iridescence [ 14 ], anticoagulant activity [ 15 ], etc. They are mostly prepared by sulfuric acid hydrolysis of various types of cellulosic materials with a range of aspect ratios (e.g., length: 200 nm–several micrometers, diameter: 5–15 nm) [ 16 , 17 , 18 ]. However, to best of our knowledge, the current study is the first to describe the isolation of CNCs from Isora plant fibers by sulfuric acid hydrolysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anticoagulant Activity of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Isora Plant Fibers Assembled on Cellulose and SiO2 Substrates via a Layer-by-Layer Approach

Mohan

Chirayil²,

Nagaraj

et al. 2021

Polymers

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In this study, we report the isolation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from Isora plant fibers by sulfuric acid hydrolysis and their assembly on hydrophilic cellulose and silicon-di-oxide (SiO2) surfaces via a layer-by-layer (LBL) deposition method. The isolated CNCs were monodispersed and exhibited a length of 200–300 nm and a diameter of 10–20 nm, a negative zetapotential (–34–39 mV) over a wide pH range, and high stability in water at various concentrations. The multi-layered structure, adsorbed mass, conformational changes, and anticoagulant activity of sequentially deposited anionic (sulfated) CNCs and cationic polyethyleneimine (PEI) on the surfaces of cellulose and SiO2 by LBL deposition were investigated using a quartz crystal microbalance technique. The organization and surface features (i.e., morphology, thickness, wettability) of CNCs adsorbed on the surfaces of PEI deposited at different ionic strengths (50–300 mM) of sodium chloride were analysed in detail by profilometry layer-thickness, atomic force microscopy and contact angle measurements. Compared to cellulose (control sample), the total coagulation time and plasma deposition were increased and decreased, respectively, for multilayers of PEI/CNCs. This study should provide new possibilities to fabricate and tailor the physicochemical properties of multilayer films from polysaccharide-based nanocrystals for various biomedical applications.

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“…Cellulose is a well known and abundant biopolymer globally, which consists of a crystal region and amorphous region. The crystal region, so-called cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), has remarkable advantages such as high mechanical specific strength, biocompatibility, nanoscale dimension, and sustainability (Habibi et al, 2010 ; Moon et al, 2011 ; Kim et al, 2015 ; Vanderfleet and Cranston, 2020 ; Wang et al, 2020 ). Typically CNC has lengths of 100–200 nm and cross-sections of 5–20 nm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refractive Index Change of Cellulose Nanocrystal-Based Electroactive Polyurethane by an Electric Field

Ko¹,

Kim²

2021

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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A tunable optical lens can tune or reconfigure the lens material itself such that it can eliminate the moving part of the lens, which brings broad technological impacts. Many tunable optical lenses have been implemented using electroactive polymers that can change the shape of the lens. However, the refractive index (RI) change of electroactive polymers has not been well investigated. This paper investigated the RI change of CNC-based transparent and electroactive polyurethane (CPPU) in the presence of an actuating electric field. The prepared CPPU was electrically poled to enhance its electro-optical performance, and the poling conditions in terms of frequency and electric field were optimized. The poled CPPU was characterized using a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and a refractometer. To investigate the RI change in the presence of an actuating electric field, the poled CPPU was constrained between two electrodes with a fixed distance. The RI linearly increased as the actuating electric field increased. The RI change mechanism and the optimized poling conditions are illustrated. The tunable RI is a promising property for implementing a tunable optical lens.

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Production routes to tailor the performance of cellulose nanocrystals

Cited by 308 publications

References 214 publications

Hydrogel-Forming Algae Polysaccharides: From Seaweed to Biomedical Applications

Hydrogel-Forming Algae Polysaccharides: From Seaweed to Biomedical Applications

Anticoagulant Activity of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Isora Plant Fibers Assembled on Cellulose and SiO2 Substrates via a Layer-by-Layer Approach

Refractive Index Change of Cellulose Nanocrystal-Based Electroactive Polyurethane by an Electric Field

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