Production of Zinc from the Reduction of ZnO in the Presence of Cellulose in a Solar Simulator

Lédé, Jacques; Boutin, Olivier; Elorza-Ricart, Enrique; Ferrer, Monique; Mollard, Frédéric

doi:10.1115/1.1352738

Journal of Solar Energy Engineering

2001

DOI: 10.1115/1.1352738

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Production of Zinc from the Reduction of ZnO in the Presence of Cellulose in a Solar Simulator

Jacques Lédé¹,

Olivier Boutin²,

Enrique Elorza-Ricart³

et al.

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Cited by 7 publications

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References 12 publications

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“…These devices are used for a wide range of applications including testing, calibrating and characterising photovoltaic (PV) cells [11][12][13][14] and for the clinical testing of sunscreens [15][16][17]. The list of applications extends to the automotive industry for testing dashboards, steering wheels and air bags [18][19][20]; PV materials ageing tests [21][22][23][24]; studying the effects of light on the growth of plants and algae [25][26][27] and testing of thermal/thermo-chemical devices for use in the chemical reforming and production of chemical elements [28][29][30]. This paper deals with solar simulators built for thermal applications, although they are also relevant to PV and concentrating PV (CPV) testing [31][32][33][34][35].…”

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confidence: 99%

Light source selection for a solar simulator for thermal applications: A review

Tawfik

Tonnellier

Sansom

2018

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

119

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Solar simulators are used to test components and systems under controlled and repeatable conditions, often in locations with unsuitable insolation for outdoor testing. The growth in renewable energy generation has led to an increased need to develop, manufacture and test components and subsystems for solar thermal, photovoltaic (PV), and concentrating optics for both thermal and electrical solar applications. At the heart of any solar simulator is the light source itself. This paper reviews the light sources available for both low and high-flux solar simulators used for thermal applications. Criteria considered include a comparison of the lamp wavelength spectrum with the solar spectrum, lamp intensity, cost, stability, durability, and any hazards associated with use. Four main lamp types are discussed in detail, namely argon arc, the metal halide, tungsten halogen lamp, and xenon arc lamps.In addition to describing the characteristics of each lamp type, the popularity of usage of each type over time is also indicated. This is followed by guidelines for selecting a suitable lamp, depending on the requirements of the user and the criteria applied for selection. The appropriate international standards are also addressed and discussed. The review shows that metal halide and xenon arc lamps predominate, since both provide a good spectral match to the solar output. The xenon lamp provides a more intense and stable output, but has the disadvantages of being a high-pressure component, requiring infrared filtering, and the need of a more complex and expensive power supply. As a result, many new solar simulators prefer metal halide lamps. KeywordsSolar simulator, sunlight, solar spectrum, CSP, metal halide, tungsten lamp 1 Introduction The growing demand for energy, combined with issues of environmental pollution, climate change, and the rapid depletion of fossil fuels, have encouraged the research and development of cost effective renewable alternatives [1-3]. Solar electrical and thermal energy research groups have focused on developing novel technologies and on improving existing renewable solutions. In 2014, the global combined installed capacity of solar hot water and concentrating solar power (CSP) was 410.4 GW, representing 8% of the world's renewable energy sources [4].The transient nature of solar energy represents a critical challenge for technologies testing. Outdoor experiments are carried out in real but uncontrollable environments. For example, incident solar energy levels are highly dependent on atmospheric conditions and sky clarity over time [5]. Therefore, achieving

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confidence: 99%

Light source selection for a solar simulator for thermal applications: A review

Tawfik

Tonnellier

Sansom

2018

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

119

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Carbo‐ and Methanothermal Reduction of Tungsten Trioxide into Metallic Tungsten for Thermochemical Production of Solar Fuels

et al. 2016

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The WO3/W redox pair is proposed as an alternative option for the production of solar fuels due to high reactivity and selectivity in two‐step thermochemical redox cycles. This study addresses the high‐temperature solar step involving the use of carbonaceous materials (carbon or methane) as reducing agents to lower the temperature of the reduction step in the WO3/W cycle, which makes the process compatible with the use of concentrated solar energy as the source of process heat. The carbothermal reduction of tungsten trioxide to tungsten by using carbon in the form of graphite, carbon black, and activated carbon was investigated with a thermobalance and a packed‐bed tubular reactor, whereas methanothermal reduction was studied by using a solar‐driven thermogravimetric reactor. The WO3/C powder reactivity was analyzed as a function of temperature, carbon type, and stoichiometry of the reactant mixture. The reaction was complete upon heating to 1280 °C when using excess carbon in the mixture, with metallic tungsten and carbon monoxide as the main products. A high specific surface area of carbon favored the solid–gas reaction mechanism, whereas a small carbon nanoparticle size favored the solid–solid mechanism, along with the formation of carbides. Methanothermal reduction of WO3 started from 850 °C and yielded mainly W and WC at 1000 °C with WO3 conversion above 80 %. This study thus indicates that carbo‐ and methanothermal reduction of tungsten trioxide can be used to produce metallic tungsten powder efficiently.

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Likely near-term solar-thermal water splitting technologies

Perkins

2004

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

229

159

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Production of Zinc from the Reduction of ZnO in the Presence of Cellulose in a Solar Simulator

Cited by 7 publications

References 12 publications

Light source selection for a solar simulator for thermal applications: A review

Light source selection for a solar simulator for thermal applications: A review

Carbo‐ and Methanothermal Reduction of Tungsten Trioxide into Metallic Tungsten for Thermochemical Production of Solar Fuels

Likely near-term solar-thermal water splitting technologies

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