“…However, while the pheromones of some species can be cheaply manufactured by synthetic chemistry, the pheromones of many insect species have complex structures requiring stereoselective steps making them difficult and expensive to produce (Petkevicius et al, 2020). To provide proof-of-concepts for the biological synthesis of pheromone components, several studies have successfully produced Lepidopteran sex pheromones in heterologous systems including yeast (Hagström et al, 2013;Holkenbrink et al, 2020;Konrad et al, 2017;Petkevicius et al, 2020) and N. benthamiana (Ding et al, 2014;Mateos-Fernández et al, 2021;Xia et al, 2022Xia et al, , 2020. In the latter, both transient agroinfiltration and stable transgenic approaches have been trialed, though retardation of growth was observed in the best-producing transgenic lines (Mateos-Fernández et al, 2021).…”