Production of Verruculogen by Penicillium estinogenum in Stirred Fermenters

Abstract

A spectrofluorometric assay for the estimation of the tremorgenic mycotoxin verruculogen in crude mycelial extract has been devised and used to determine concentrations as low as 0.2 microgram ml-1. Verruculogen production by Penicillium estinogenum has been extended from surface culture to submerged culture in 60 1 stirred fermenters, in which the maximum cell-associated mycotoxin yield [5 mg (100 ml culture)-1] was obtained within 7 d. It was found necessary to supplement the medium (Czapek Dox broth plus 0.5% yeast extract) with calcium chloride (2%) to induce profuse sporulation (2 X 10(7) conidia ml-1).

A Novel Process for the Production of Penitrem Mycotoxins by Submerged Fermentation of Penicillium nigricans

“…The vessel used was a stainless steel 60 1 fermenter of conventional design (Banks et a!., 1974;Day et al, 1980). Temperature control was achieved by the automatically regulated flow of cooling water through the fermenter jacket.…”

Chemistry and biological activity of azoprenylated secondary metabolites

“…These alkaloids are verruculogen 5 isolated from Penicillium verruculosum (Cole et al, 1972;Cole and Kirksey, 1973;Fayos et al, 1974), Penicillium paraherquei (Yoshizawa et al, 1976), Penicillium piscarium (Gallagher and Latch, 1977), Penicillium janthinellum (Lanigan et al, 1979), Penicillium estinogenum (Day et al, 1980), and Aspergillus fumigatus (Kosalec et al, 2005), and fumitremorgin A 6 and fumitremorgin B 7, from A. fumigatus (Yamazaki et al, 1971;Liu et al, 1996;dos Santos et al, 2003), Aspergillus caespitosus (Schroeder et al, 1975), P. piscarium (Gallagher and Latch, 1977), P. janthinellum (Lanigan et al, 1979), and Neosartoria fischeri (Nielsen et al, 1988). The polycyclic core of these three alkaloids was seen to biosynthetically derive from proline, tryptophan and methionine, while the isopentenyl unit was shown to originate from the mevalonate pathway (Day and Mantle, 1982;Willingale et al, 1983;Mantle and Shipston, 1987;Vleggaar et al, 1993).…”

First Example of Catalytic Synthesis of Cyclic S-Containing Di- and Triperoxides

“…we observed that the size of the carbocycles in initial heptaoxadispiroalkanes 15-17 does not affect the Scheme 2. Formation of S-containing diperoxides (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14).…”

“…Cyclic peroxides occur widely in nature, and they often possess desired pharmacological properties. For example, an eight-membered cyclic azaperoxide moiety is included in the biologically active alkaloid compounds fumitremorgins [1][2][3][4][5][6][7], namely into the fumitremorgin A Verruculogen produced by fungi of species Penicillium verruculosum [8], Aspergillus caespitosus [9], A. fumigatus [10], A. fischeri [11], Penicillium piscarium [12], Penicillium paxilli [13], Penicillium estinogenum [14], Penicillium simplicissimum, Penicillium piceum, Penicillium nigricans, Penicillium raistricki [15], and Neosartorya fischeri [16]. Fumitremorgin and related compounds are active against various cancer cells [17].…”