Production of Vaccines in GM Plants

Nicholson, Liz; Cañizares, M. Carmen; Lomonossoff, George P.

doi:10.1002/0470021837.ch9

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 69 publications

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“…Through various incarnations as replicating viral vectors for polypeptide expression (9, 24,66,82) and the successful production of a number of pharmaceutically relevant proteins (46,47,49,51,65) 1a). RNA-1 encodes proteins involved in the replication of viral RNAs and polyprotein processing, including the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, a helicase, the 24K proteinase, and a proteinase cofactor.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cowpea mosaicVirus: The Plant Virus–Based Biotechnology Workhorse

Sainsbury

Cañizares

Lomonossoff

2010

Annu. Rev. Phytopathol.

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106

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INTRODUCTIONThe first plant viruses to be developed as expression vectors in the early 1980s were those with DNA genomes (for reviews, see 42, 56). This was due to the fact that, at the time, only the DNA genomes could be manipulated and the technology for creating infectious cDNA copies of viruses with RNA genomes did not exist. However, the vast majority of plant viruses have genomes that consist of one or more strands of positive-sense RNA. These viruses infect a wide range of hosts and some can reach extremely high titres. Following the construction of the first full-length cDNA clones shown to be infectious (1), the past 25 years has seen a large number of RNA viruses developed as vectors for the expression of foreign sequences and other uses, such as gene silencing (10, 31,42, 55, 56,70).Many proteins have been successfully expressed with virus vectors and significant progress in vector design has been driven by the demands of this application. Generally developed with the expression of fluorescent marker proteins, RNA virus-based vectors have become a highly effective means of producing recombinant heterologous protein in plant tissue within a short time frame (28, 35,44,67). In addition to their use as vectors for the production of heterologous polypeptides and as gene silencing vectors, plant RNA viruses have also provided a source of particles for various applications. Virus capsids provide nano-scale particles with consistent size and shape, which can be exploited for a number of chemical and biological applications (72). For example, a number of systems make use of the repetitive geometry of plant virus capsids to present multiple copies of antigenic sequences, to increase their potential as a source of novel vaccines (10,39, 58). Also, both wild type and genetically modified capsids of plant viruses are also being used as biotemplates for novel materials in nanotechnology (88). 3Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) has borne witness to most of the aforementioned biotechnological uses of RNA viruses. The year 2009 marks the 50 th anniversary of the first description of CPMV as a pathogen of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) in West Africa (13). As a result of its ease of propagation, high yield and the stability of the viral particles, CPMV rapidly became an object of intense scientific research. Early studies revealed the bipartite nature of the viral genome (7,78), the structural similarities between CPMV and the animal picornaviruses (87) and the mechanism of gene expression (polyprotein processing; 53).Subsequent work resulted in the determination of the nucleotide sequences of both genomic segments (81, 43), a realisation of the genetic similarities between CPMV and picornaviruses (21), an atomic resolution structure of the virus particles (32, 33), and the creation of infectious cDNA clones (16, 25,84). A crucial step for the development of practical CPMVbased expression systems was the creation of vectors that could be inoculated by agroinfiltration (38), and this approach is now the method of choice for intr...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cowpea mosaicVirus: The Plant Virus–Based Biotechnology Workhorse

Sainsbury

Cañizares

Lomonossoff

2010

Annu. Rev. Phytopathol.

Self Cite

106

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Genetically Modified Plants

Halford

2014

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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The genetic modification of plants is now an established tool for plant breeders in many parts of the world, with the area of land used for genetically modified (GM) crop cultivation rising to 170 million hectares by 2012. This article puts genetic modification of plants into the context of scientific plant breeding, and describes the techniques that are used to transform plants and that define the term genetically modified. The design of transgenes is described, as is the use of selectable and visible marker genes. The use of GM crops in commercial agriculture is covered in detail, including GM crops that may be developed for commercial use in the near future. The barriers to the continued development of crop biotechnology are considered, notably the cost, the associated issue of regulatory compliance and the problem of consumer acceptance. The consequences of science losing the GM crop debate are discussed. Key Concepts: Genetic modification (GM) is a term used to describe the artificial introduction of a gene or genes into an organism's genome. Genetic modification is now an established tool in plant breeding in many parts of the world. Genetically modified crops were grown on 170 million hectares of land in 2012. ‘Input’ traits such as herbicide tolerance and insect resistance are by far the most successful GM traits. Other GM traits in commercial crops include virus resistance, modified oil content, increased nutritional value, drought tolerance and the synthesis of high‐value, nonfood products (biopharming). Increased vitamin A content, improved food safety and bioremediation are targets for GM crop programmes that may be commercialised in the next few years. GM is the most heavily regulated area of plant breeding, and over‐regulation is a significant barrier to the development of the technology. Consumer acceptance of GM crops remains a difficult issue in some regions, notably Europe.

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Genetic Engineering of Vegetable Crops

Sidhu

Chellan

2010

Handbook of Vegetables and Vegetable Processing

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Production of Vaccines in GM Plants

Cited by 5 publications

References 69 publications

Cowpea mosaicVirus: The Plant Virus–Based Biotechnology Workhorse

Cowpea mosaicVirus: The Plant Virus–Based Biotechnology Workhorse

Genetically Modified Plants

Genetic Engineering of Vegetable Crops

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