Production of specific‐structured lipids by enzymatic interesterification: Elucidation of acyl migration by response surface design

Xu, Xinyue; Skands, A. R. H.; Høy, Carl‐Erik; Mu, Huiling; Balchen, Steen; Adler‐Nissen, Jens

doi:10.1007/s11746-998-0132-6

Cited by 125 publications

(152 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…However, there will be an optimal water content for the reaction from the engineering point of view. Water content in the reaction system is directly related to the content of diacylglycerols and the degree of acyl migration (Xu et al, 1998d;. On the other hand, water control during the operation of the process is very important for the control of lipase stability, as demonstrated previously in long-term operations in packed-bed reactors (Xu et al, 1998b).…”

Section: Control Of Water Content/activitymentioning

confidence: 87%

“…The optimization with response surface methodology (RSM) was conducted for the production of structured lipids in batch reactors in the solvent-free system. The undesired acyl migration could be reduced to lower levels in optimal conditions (Xu et al, 1998d). However, a certain degree of compromise was required to obtain both high acyl incorporation and low acyl migration (Xu et al, 1998e).…”

Section: Bioreactors For the Lipase-catalyzed Interesterificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Modification of Oils and Fats by Lipase‐Catalyzed Interesterification: Aspects of Process Engineering

2000

Enzymes in Lipid Modification

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Section: Control Of Water Content/activitymentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Bioreactors For the Lipase-catalyzed Interesterificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modification of Oils and Fats by Lipase‐Catalyzed Interesterification: Aspects of Process Engineering

2000

Enzymes in Lipid Modification

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“…A previous method was used with slight modification (20). Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plates for Grignard analysis were coated with 0.4 M boric acid, air-dried overnight, and stored in a desiccator until used.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of margarine fats by enzymatic interesterification with silica‐granulated Thermomyces lanuginosa lipase in a large‐scale study

Hong

Nilsson³

et al. 2001

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

107

108

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Interesterification of a blend of palm stearin and coconut oil (75:25, w/w), catalyzed by an immobilized Thermomyces lanuginosa lipase by silica granulation, Lipozyme TL IM, was studied for production of margarine fats in a 1-or 300-kg pilot-scale batch-stirred tank reactor. Parameters and reusability were investigated. The comparison was carried out between enzymatic and chemical interesterified products. Experimentally, Lipozyme TL IM had similar activity to Lipozyme IM for the interesterification of the blend. Within the range of 55-80°C, temperature had little influence on the degree of interesterification for 6-h reaction, but it had slight impact on the content of free fatty acids (FFA). Drying of Lipozyme TL IM from water content 6 to 3% did not affect its activity, whereas it greatly reduced FFA and diacylglycerol contents in the products. Lipozyme TL IM was stable in the 1-kg scale reactor at least for 11 batches and the 300-kg pilot-scale reactor at least for nine batches. Due to regiospecificity of the lipase (sn-1,3 specific), enzymatically interesterified products had different fatty acid distribution at sn-2 position from the chemically randomized products, implying the potential nutritional benefits of the new technology.Paper no. J9703 in JAOCS 78, 57-64 (January 2001).Interest in applications of enzyme technology for the production of plastic fats for food uses is increasing in both academia and industry. Currently the application of enzyme technology is limited since the price of current commercial lipases is too high for industry to produce low-price plastic fats. A new immobilized Thermomyces (Humicola) lanuginosa lipase, named Lipozyme TL IM, was recently developed with the immobilization method of silica granulation (1). Lipozyme TL IM has sn-1,3 specificity and hydrophilic character. It is less expensive than the commonly applied commercial lipase Lipozyme IM (Rhizomucor miehei lipase) and offers an opportunity for industry to reduce the process cost and make the production of low-price plastic fats economically competitive to the conventional chemical randomization.Previously T. lanuginosa lipase was investigated mostly in solvent systems in free-state or immobilized forms (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). From kinetic studies, it was found that immobilized T. lanuginosa lipase had different characteristics depending on the solvent systems and the hydrophobicity of carriers (2,7). Transesterification and alcoholysis reactions catalyzed by the immobilized lipases of R. miehei and T. lanuginosa on Silica Gel 60 showed less regiospecificity in hexane media, whereas they showed strong 1,3-specificity in a more polar system using diethyl ether as the medium (2). The lipolytic activity of immobilized T. lanuginosa lipase depended largely on the substrate used and hydrophobicity of its carrier. A highly hydrophobic carrier enhanced lipase activity for alcoholysis reactions, whereas the reverse effect was observed for acylglycerol synthesis (7). Comparison of hydrolysis and esterificat...

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“…The methods and procedures were described in a previous publication (5). The triacylglycerols in the samples were isolated by TLC.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It occurs during lipase-catalyzed interesterification and is affected by factors such as water content, reaction time, reaction temperature, enzyme load, reactor type, and reaction system (5,6). To minimize acyl migration, it is necessary to choose the right reactor and to optimize the reaction system.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Purification of specific structured lipids by distillation: Effects on acyl migration

Skands

Adler‐Nissen

2001

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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The cause and effects of acyl migration during the purification of specific structured lipids by distillation were studied in a conventional batch deodorizer with stripping steam. The mixture of specific structured lipids produced by lipase-catalyzed acidolysis between rapeseed oil and capric acid contained a large amount of free fatty acids and a small amount of partial acylglycerols besides triacylglycerols. Therefore, the effect of steam, free fatty acids, diacylglycerols, and monoacylglycerols on acyl migration was studied in a palm oil midfraction model. The results showed that all these factors influenced the rate of acyl migration, and their combinations made the effect more severe. However, diacylglycerols were found to be the main reason for acyl migration. In the distillation of the specific structured lipid product mixture, distillation temperature and time were the main factors to determine the degree of acyl migration and the extent of separation of free fatty acids. The results indicate that more efficient separation technology should be used to improve the quality of the purified structured lipids. In order to reduce the distillation temperature, vacuum should be made as low as possible with more effective pumps. To reduce the distillation time, thin-film principle in a packed column should be used, or other more efficient distillation techniques such as molecular distillation or short-path distillation should be exploited.Paper no. J9715 in JAOCS 78, 715-718 (July 2001).KEY WORDS: Acyl migration, batch distillation, lipase-catalyzed acidolysis, specific structured lipids.Production of structured lipids by lipase-catalyzed interesterification has recently attracted much attention from both academia and industry (1-4). The most exciting part of the technology is to exploit the regiospecificity of the lipases to produce tailor-made fats, which can be targeted for special nutritional requirements. The normal production method is to carry out an acidolysis reaction catalyzed by a lipase. The resulting product is a mixture of the expected structured lipids and free fatty acids (FFA), together with small amounts of partial acylglycerols. The purification of structured lipids is usually performed by distillation.Acyl migration leads to nonspecific by-products. It occurs during lipase-catalyzed interesterification and is affected by factors such as water content, reaction time, reaction temperature, enzyme load, reactor type, and reaction system (5,6). To minimize acyl migration, it is necessary to choose the right reactor and to optimize the reaction system.Acyl migration is also observed during the purification of specific structured lipids (SSL) by conventional distillation (7). It can be seen also that acyl migration occurs to a greater extent during the purification stage in the conventional batch deodorizer than in the reaction stage. No information so far has elucidated the phenomenon. This problem cannot be neglected with respect to the production of high-quality structured lipids.In this study, tw...

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Production of specific‐structured lipids by enzymatic interesterification: Elucidation of acyl migration by response surface design

Cited by 125 publications

References 25 publications

Modification of Oils and Fats by Lipase‐Catalyzed Interesterification: Aspects of Process Engineering

Modification of Oils and Fats by Lipase‐Catalyzed Interesterification: Aspects of Process Engineering

Production of margarine fats by enzymatic interesterification with silica‐granulated Thermomyces lanuginosa lipase in a large‐scale study

Purification of specific structured lipids by distillation: Effects on acyl migration

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