Production of Rubber Seed Oil Based Biodiesel Using Different Catalysts

Rubber seed oil: A potential renewable source of biodiesel for sustainable development in sub-Saharan Africa

“…The common conventional homogenous base catalysts for RSO transesterification reaction are NaOH, KOH, carbonates and the alkoxides of Na and K [16,40,50,53] with biodiesel yields ranging from 86.7 to 97.8 wt.%. Homogeneous acid catalysts such as H 2 SO 4 , HCl and H 3 PO 4 are used for RSO esterification (pre-treatment) process prior to transesterification reaction [17,40,50,53,55,56].…”

“…Homogeneous acid catalysts such as H 2 SO 4 , HCl and H 3 PO 4 are used for RSO esterification (pre-treatment) process prior to transesterification reaction [17,40,50,53,55,56]. Heterogeneous catalysts such as cation exchange resin, solid metal oxides and their silicates are tolerant to high FFAs RSO and can be used several times without much loss to activity [13,14,50]. Gimbun et al [13] used lime -base catalyst derived from cement clinker to obtain 96.9 wt.% yield of biodiesel from high FFA RSO.…”

“…Kumar et al [1] Ebewele et al [31] Widayat et al [48] Omorogbe et al [50] Gimbun et al [13] Asuquo et al [11] Ramadhas et al [36] Krishnakumar et al [14] Ahmad et al [ because of its high FFA. In a 2-step process, esterification reaction of RSO with excess alcohol in the presence of homogeneous acid catalyst (H 2 SO 4 ) will reduce the FFA content.…”

“…The FFA content of rubber seed oil is reportedly high, 23.471-45 wt.% [16,31,40,50]. The reduction of FFA values of crude RSO is significant to avoid soap formation and downstream processing problems when a homogeneous base catalyst is used in transesterification reaction [17,40,48,53,55].…”

Acid value minimization in continuous biodiesel production from a high viscous nonedible oil

“…In the present study, high viscous nonedible rubber seed oil (RSO) has been selected as feedstock for biodiesel preparation. Most of the researchers worked on biodiesel preparation from RSO operated in batch reactor and well concentrated on the determination of RSO conversion to biodiesel (Omorogbe et al., 2013). Although a large amount of work on the acid value optimization for biodiesel prepared from RSO has been conducted on the batch reaction process, no research work is presented on acid value optimization of biodiesel prepared from RSO in continuous reactors (Sai Bharadwaj et al., 2019).…”