Production of polyols and polyurethane from biomass: a review

Silane-Modified Hyperbranched Polyurethane with High Strength, High Transparency, and Low Viscosity

“…In the early 20th century, Bayer pioneered the synthesis of polyurethane (PU) . This versatile material, renowned for its exceptional flexibility, wear resistance, and mechanical properties, has found widespread use in various applications. − Polyurethane adhesives, in particular, are pivotal in both everyday life and industrial contexts. − Traditionally, polyurethane adhesives utilize a free isocyanate group as a reactive end group. This group reacts with atmospheric water vapor during curing, releasing CO 2 and consequently causing bubble formation within the adhesive layer, which impairs bonding performance. , Furthermore, solvent-based polyurethane adhesives typically emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) throughout the curing process, posing significant environmental and health risks. − …”

Research progress in modified mineral oil, natural ester and mixed oil in transformers

“…It can be attributed to the hydrolysis of NE molecules, which leads to the generation of high-molecularweight acids. [12][13][14] In order to balance the advantages of MO and vegetablebased insulating oil, mixed insulating oil emerges with the aim of achieving a better combination of insulation performance and environmental-friendly application. In 2002, Fofana et al 15 proposed a mixed insulating oil composed of MO and synthetic ester, and found that the electrical and physicochemical properties of the mixed insulating oil were comparable to those of MO.…”

A stepwise kinetic approach to quantify rate coefficients for reactant-, auto- and non-catalyzed urethanization of phenyl isocyanate and 1-butanol

“…4,9,10 Because of this versatility, PU is one of the most produced polymers worldwide, 11 competing with some commodity and specialty chain growth polymers, 12 with an expected production of 22.5 million tons by 2024. 13 Chemically, PU molecules are the main reaction products of the step-growth polymerization between molecules containing isocyanates (-NCO) and active hydrogens, i.e., alcohols. In the simplest reaction scheme, as shown in Scheme 1a, 1,14 urethane linkages are directly formed in one step, with the commonly used diisocyanates in the PU industry being 4,4-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (4-4′-MDI) and toluene diisocyanate (both 2,6-TDI and 2,4-TDI), as highlighted in Scheme 1b, 5,6 and the most used polyols being polyether-and polyester-polyols.…”

“…4,9,10 Because of this versatility, PU is one of the most produced polymers worldwide, 11 competing with some commodity and specialty chain growth polymers, 12 with an expected production of 22.5 million tons by 2024. 13…”