Production of Phytosteryl Ester from Echium Oil in a Recirculating Packed Bed Reactor Using an Immobilized Lipase

Choi, Nakyung; Kim, Heejin; Kim, Byung Hee; Lee, Junsoo; Kim, In Hwan

doi:10.5650/jos.ess17070

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The esterification conversions were also high for most of the studies reviewed (Table 2), some of them reaching more than 95%, which is near to the conversions of chemical reactions. Low reaction times were found in those studies (Table 1), especially with C. rugosa lipase, with which many were lower than 2 h [65,78,84,86,88]. These results showed that the use of enzymes for the synthesis of phytosterol esters is very promising.…”

Section: General Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Several studies have evaluated the effect of substrate molar ratio to maximize the esterification yield and avoid waste [65,73,84,90,93,95]. Liu et al [77], studying the β-sitosterol linolenate production, observed that the increase in linolenic acid concentration showed a tendency for rapid growth in the conversion rate.…”

Section: Effect Of Substrate Molar Ratiomentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lipases as Effective Green Biocatalysts for Phytosterol Esters’ Production: A Review

et al. 2022

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Lipases are versatile enzymes widely used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. They are green biocatalysts with a high potential for industrial use compared to traditional chemical methods. In recent years, lipases have been used to synthesize a wide variety of molecules of industrial interest, and extraordinary results have been reported. In this sense, this review describes the important role of lipases in the synthesis of phytosterol esters, which have attracted the scientific community’s attention due to their beneficial effects on health. A systematic search for articles and patents published in the last 20 years with the terms “phytosterol AND esters AND lipase” was carried out using the Scopus, Web of Science, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases, and the results showed that Candida rugosa lipases are the most relevant biocatalysts for the production of phytosterol esters, being used in more than 50% of the studies. The optimal temperature and time for the enzymatic synthesis of phytosterol esters mainly ranged from 30 to 101 °C and from 1 to 72 h. The esterification yield was greater than 90% for most analyzed studies. Therefore, this manuscript presents the new technological approaches and the gaps that need to be filled by future studies so that the enzymatic synthesis of phytosterol esters is widely developed.

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Section: General Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Effect Of Substrate Molar Ratiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipases as Effective Green Biocatalysts for Phytosterol Esters’ Production: A Review

et al. 2022

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“…The contents of phytosterols in GSE and GSC extracts were assayed according to the method of Choi et al [28]. GC (Varian 3800; Varian Inc., Walnut Creek, CA, USA) was equipped with an SAC-5 fused-silica capillary column (30 m × 60.32 mm i.d.…”

Section: Phytosterols Tocopherols and Tocotrienolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective Activity and Underlying Mechanism of Ginseng Seeds against UVB-Induced Damage in Human Fibroblasts

et al. 2021

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Ginseng seeds are rich in phytosterols, ginsenosides, and fatty acids, and can therefore be used in skincare to delay the aging process. Ginseng seed embryo (GSE) and ginseng seed coat (GSC) were separated from ginseng seeds (Panax ginseng Meyer). This study evaluated the protective activity and underlying mechanism of GSE and GSC on UVB irradiation-induced skin photoaging using Hs68 cells. Their bioactive compounds, including phytosterols, ginsenosides, tocopherols, tocotrienols, and fatty acids were determined by HPLC and GC. The levels of reactive oxygen species, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and collagen levels were measured in human dermal fibroblast cell line, Hs68 cells. The antioxidant capacity and contents of total polyphenols and flavonoids were higher in GSC than those in GSE. Linoleic acid was the major fatty acid in both GSE and GSC. GSE and GSC treatment alleviated UVB-induced increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, and MMP-3, resulting in reduced collagen degradation. Increased UVB-mediated phosphorylation of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) was inhibited by GSE and GSC treatment. Moreover, GSE and GSC effectively upregulated transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) 1 levels. It was found that ginseng seeds regulate the expression of TGF-β/Smad and MAPK/AP-1 pathways. Ginseng seeds contain various bioactive compounds and have protective activity against UVB-induced skin photoaging. Therefore, ginseng seeds have the potential for use in cosmeceutical preparations.

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“…It is a promising system for industrial processes and yields a product with nutritional and functional value. In addition, packed bed reactors allow easy separation of products and the reuse of immobilized biocatalysts, consequently lowering process costs [21,30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzymatic synthesis of structured lipids from grape seed (Vitis vinifera L.) oil in associated packed bed reactors

Cozentino

Rodrigues

Mazziero

et al. 2020

Biotech and App Biochem

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Triacylglycerols (TAGs) can be modified to increase the absorption of fatty acids, prevent obesity, and treat fat malabsorption disorders and metabolic diseases. Medium-long-medium (MLM)-type TAGs, which contain medium-chain fatty acids in the sn-1 and sn-3 positions of the glycerol backbone and a long-chain fatty acid in the sn-2 position, show particularly interesting nutritional characteristics. This study aimed to synthesize MLM-type TAGs by enzymatic acidolysis of grape seed oil with medium-chain capric acid (C10:0) in associated packed bed reactors. The reaction was carried out during 120 H, at 45 °C, using lipase from Rhizomucor miehei (Lipozyme ® RM IM). The residence time distribution of reagents in the reactor was quantified to evaluate the reactor behavior and to diagnose the existence of preferential paths. The reaction progress was monitored by analyzing TAG composition and, at the steady state (after 48 H of reaction), the incorporation degree achieved a value of 39.91 ± 2.77%. To enhance the capric acid incorporation, an acidolysis reaction in associated packed bed reactors was performed. The results showed a good operational stability of the biocatalyst, revealing values of half-life 209.64 H, 235.63 H of packed bed and associated packed bed reactor, respectively, and a deactivation coefficient 0.0061 H −1 .

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Production of Phytosteryl Ester from Echium Oil in a Recirculating Packed Bed Reactor Using an Immobilized Lipase

Cited by 12 publications

References 35 publications

Lipases as Effective Green Biocatalysts for Phytosterol Esters’ Production: A Review

Lipases as Effective Green Biocatalysts for Phytosterol Esters’ Production: A Review

Protective Activity and Underlying Mechanism of Ginseng Seeds against UVB-Induced Damage in Human Fibroblasts

Enzymatic synthesis of structured lipids from grape seed (Vitis vinifera L.) oil in associated packed bed reactors

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