Production of methanol, acetaldehyde, and acetone in the Atlantic Ocean

Dixon, Joanna L.; Beale, Rachael

doi:10.1002/grl.50922

Cited by 57 publications

(133 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Interestingly, acetone was close to 100 % saturation in the Southern Hemisphere, which suggests the oceanic production and consumption rates of this compound were strongly coupled and/or relatively slow in that region, such that air-sea exchange could maintain equilibrium. A slow removal rate would be consistent with the long oceanic lifetime of acetone (5-55 days) recently reported by Dixon et al (2013).…”

Section: Acetonesupporting

confidence: 88%

“…At ∼ 500 m, DMSP concentration should be essentially zero. Thus the source of dissolved methanol does not appear to be limited in the photic zone, which is consistent with a lack of diel difference in seawater methanol concentration during AMT-22 and also with the results from incubation experiments by Dixon et al (2013).…”

Section: Methanolsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Such light-driven effects might become more obvious closer to the surface (than 5 m). While greater consumptions of OVOCs at depth could also explain the lower concentrations observed at 500 m than near the surface, works from Dixon et al (2012Dixon et al ( , 2013 suggest that microbial oxidations of these compounds are generally slower in deep waters.…”

Section: Eddy Covariance Setup and Flux Processingmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…South of 32 • S, C w was only ∼ 5 nM despite high biological productivity (Chl a > 1 µg L −1 ). Photochemical destruction of dissolved organic matter (DOM) is thought to be a source of acetone (Kieber et al, 1990;Zhou and Mopper, 1997;Jacob et al, 2002;Dixon et al, 2013). Seawater acetone concentration measured from 500 m was typically 20-40 % of 5 m value (Fig.…”

Section: Eddy Covariance Setup and Flux Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Air–sea fluxes of oxygenated volatile organic compounds across the Atlantic Ocean

et al. 2014

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Abstract. We present air-sea fluxes of oxygenated volatile organics compounds (OVOCs) quantified by eddy covariance (EC) during the Atlantic Meridional Transect cruise in 2012. Measurements of acetone, acetaldehyde, and methanol in air as well as in water were made in several different oceanic provinces and over a wide range of wind speeds (1-18 m s −1 ). The ocean appears to be a net sink for acetone in the higher latitudes of the North Atlantic but a source in the subtropics. In the South Atlantic, seawater acetone was near saturation relative to the atmosphere, resulting in essentially zero net flux. For acetaldehyde, the two-layer model predicts a small oceanic emission, which was not well resolved by the EC method. Chemical enhancement of air-sea acetaldehyde exchange due to aqueous hydration appears to be minor. The deposition velocity of methanol correlates linearly with the transfer velocity of sensible heat, confirming predominant airside control. We examine the relationships between the OVOC concentrations in air as well as in water, and quantify the gross emission and deposition fluxes of these gases.

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Section: Acetonesupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Methanolsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Eddy Covariance Setup and Flux Processingmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Eddy Covariance Setup and Flux Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Air–sea fluxes of oxygenated volatile organic compounds across the Atlantic Ocean

et al. 2014

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“…4). Importantly, as methanol is a ubiquitous, abundant phytoplankton waste product (35), this gammaproteobacterial group also couples methanol production via phytoplankton growth to competition for cobalamin and iron.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytoplankton–bacterial interactions mediate micronutrient colimitation at the coastal Antarctic sea ice edge

Bertrand

McCrow

Moustafa

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

215

247

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Southern Ocean primary productivity plays a key role in global ocean biogeochemistry and climate. At the Southern Ocean sea ice edge in coastal McMurdo Sound, we observed simultaneous cobalamin and iron limitation of surface water phytoplankton communities in late Austral summer. Cobalamin is produced only by bacteria and archaea, suggesting phytoplankton-bacterial interactions must play a role in this limitation. To characterize these interactions and investigate the molecular basis of multiple nutrient limitation, we examined transitions in global gene expression over short time scales, induced by shifts in micronutrient availability. Diatoms, the dominant primary producers, exhibited transcriptional patterns indicative of co-occurring iron and cobalamin deprivation. The major contributor to cobalamin biosynthesis gene expression was a gammaproteobacterial population, Oceanospirillaceae ASP10-02a. This group also contributed significantly to metagenomic cobalamin biosynthesis gene abundance throughout Southern Ocean surface waters. Oceanospirillaceae ASP10-02a displayed elevated expression of organic matter acquisition and cell surface attachment-related genes, consistent with a mutualistic relationship in which they are dependent on phytoplankton growth to fuel cobalamin production. Separate bacterial groups, including Methylophaga, appeared to rely on phytoplankton for carbon and energy sources, but displayed gene expression patterns consistent with iron and cobalamin deprivation. This suggests they also compete with phytoplankton and are important cobalamin consumers. Expression patterns of siderophore-related genes offer evidence for bacterial influences on iron availability as well. The nature and degree of this episodic colimitation appear to be mediated by a series of phytoplankton-bacterial interactions in both positive and negative feedback loops.colimitation | Southern Ocean primary productivity | metatranscriptomics | phytoplankton-bacterial interactions | cobalamin P rimary productivity and community composition in the Southern Ocean play key roles in global change (1, 2). The coastal Southern Ocean, particularly its shelf and marginal ice zones, is highly productive, with mean rates approaching 300-450 mg C m −2 ·d −1 (3). As such, identifying factors controlling phytoplankton growth in these regions is essential for understanding the ocean's role in past, present, and future biogeochemical cycles. Although irradiance, temperature, and iron availability are often considered to be the primary drivers of Southern Ocean productivity (1, 4), cobalamin (vitamin B 12 ) availability has also been shown to play a role (5, 6). Cobalamin is produced only by select bacteria and archaea and is required by most eukaryotic phytoplankton, as well as many bacteria that do not produce the vitamin (7). Cobalamin is used for a range of functions, including methionine biosynthesis and one-carbon metabolism. Importantly, phytoplankton that are able to grow without cobalamin preferentially use it when available; growth...

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Air‐sea exchange of methanol and acetone during HiWinGS: Estimation of air phase, water phase gas transfer velocities

Yang

Blomquist

2014

JGR Oceans

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The air-sea fluxes of methanol and acetone were measured concurrently using a protontransfer-reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) with the eddy covariance (EC) technique during the High Wind Gas Exchange Study (HiWinGS) in 2013. The seawater concentrations of these compounds were also measured twice daily with the same PTR-MS coupled to a membrane inlet. Dissolved concentrations near the surface ranged from 7 to 28 nM for methanol and from 3 to 9 nM for acetone. Both gases were consistently transported from the atmosphere to the ocean as a result of their low sea surface saturations. The largest influxes were observed in regions of high atmospheric concentrations and strong winds (up to 25 m s 21 ). Comparison of the total air-sea transfer velocity of these two gases (K a ), along with the in situ sensible heat transfer rate, allows us to constrain the individual gas transfer velocity in the air phase (k a ) and water phase (k w ). Among existing parameterizations, the scaling of k a from the COARE model is the most consistent with our observations. The k w we estimated is comparable to the tangential (shear driven) transfer velocity previously determined from measurements of dimethyl sulfide. Lastly, we estimate the wet deposition of methanol and acetone in our study region and evaluate the lifetimes of these compounds in the surface ocean and lower atmosphere with respect to total (dry plus wet) atmospheric deposition.

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Production of methanol, acetaldehyde, and acetone in the Atlantic Ocean

Cited by 57 publications

References 27 publications

Air–sea fluxes of oxygenated volatile organic compounds across the Atlantic Ocean

Air–sea fluxes of oxygenated volatile organic compounds across the Atlantic Ocean

Phytoplankton–bacterial interactions mediate micronutrient colimitation at the coastal Antarctic sea ice edge

Air‐sea exchange of methanol and acetone during HiWinGS: Estimation of air phase, water phase gas transfer velocities

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