PRODUCTION OF IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, TGF-β1 BY DIFFERENT POPULATIONS OF ERYTHROID CELLS DERIVED FROM HUMAN EMBRYONAL LIVER

Characterization of immune cells and cytokine localization in the rat utero-placental unit mid- to late gestation

“…Interestingly, at GD18.5 the maturation of the red blood cells (loss of their nucleus) observed by H&E coincided with the loss of IFN␥ positivity, supporting our findings that a large portion of the IFN␥-positive cells are potentially red blood cells. IFN␥-positive nucleated red blood cells have previously been described in erythroids isolated from human embryonic liver (Sennikov et al, 2002). IFN␥ has also been shown to regulate differentiation and proliferation during erythropoiesis (Sennikov et al, 2004).…”

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“…Earlier we demonstrated cytokine production by ENC derived from fetal tissues [19,20]. However, there was a great difference between the profiles of cytokines released by BM and fetal ENC.…”

“…Production of GM-CSF and IFN-γ has also been reported [17]. Similarly, IL-2 and IL-3 mRNAs were found after erythroid cells were treated with erythropoietin (EPO) [17-20]. Human fetal liver erythroid cells have also been shown to produce such cytokines as IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ and TGF-β1 [20].…”

“…Similarly, IL-2 and IL-3 mRNAs were found after erythroid cells were treated with erythropoietin (EPO) [17-20]. Human fetal liver erythroid cells have also been shown to produce such cytokines as IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ and TGF-β1 [20]. Stopka and co-authors have demonstrated the ability of burst-forming unit erythroid cells (BFU-E) to express and produce EPO [21].…”

Erythroid cells in immunoregulation: characterization of a novel suppressor factor

“…In fact, EC has been previously reported to be capable of elaborating a range of immunohaemoregulatory cytokines, such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-4, IL-6, and interferon-␥ [28][29][30]. Consistent with these data, we have earlier established that EC-derived IFN-␥ may stimulate producing nitric oxide in macrophages [8], and that EC-CM is able to provide the growth of macrophage, granulocyte-macrophage and erythroid colonies generated in semisolid metylcellulose culture in the presence of Epo (data not shown) Thus, on the one hand, EC, through both production of a suppressor factor(s) and cell-to-cell contact, might prevent superfluous lymphocyte growth in the haemopoietic tissue, on the other hand, EC might create a balanced mediator microenvironment providing a multiple signalling required for normal development of different haemopoietic lineages, including lymphoid one.…”