Production of high purity biodiesel through direct saponification of wet biomass of Chlorella protothecoides in a low cost microwave reactor: Kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Binnal, Prakash; Babu, P. Nirguna

doi:10.1007/s11814-017-0002-8

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…We observed that with the increase of temperature from 30 to 60 • C, the yield of mixed fatty acids was increased, with the highest yield (76.60%) obtained at 60 • C. The yield decreased with increasing temperature beyond this point, decreasing to 69.53% at 70 • C (Figure 2b). According to Binnal's study (Binnal & Babu, 2017), increasing reaction temperature results in molecular thermal movement rate increases, and the chance of collision between the molecules increases, thereby accelerating the saponification process. However, higher temperatures might lead to thermal oxidation of oil and destroy the double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids in ATSO.…”

Section: Effect Of Reaction Temperature On the Saponification Hydroly...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization technology and kinetic studies of Acer truncatum seed oil saponification and crystallization separation of nervonic acid

Fan

Zan

et al. 2022

Journal of Food Science

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Acer truncatum seed oil (ATSO) contains abundant unsaturated fatty acids, with significant quantities of nervonic acid (NA, > 5%), which was authenticated as a new food resource in China. For the sake of minimizing animal consumption and the importance of NA for human health, extraction of NA from plants has become a research hotspot. In the present study, three extraction factors were determined to significantly influence the saponification reaction based on single‐factor experiments: NaOH dosage, reaction time, and reaction temperature. These three factors were used to further optimize the saponification process through the response surface methodology, and the highest yield of mixed fatty acids was 83.12%. Moreover, the activation energy (40.8228 kJ/mol), the pre‐exponential factor [2.568 × 106 m3/(kmol·min)], and the kinetic equation [rA = kcAcB = 2.568 × 106·exp(–4970.1T)$\frac{{{\rm{4970}}{\rm{.1}}}}{{\rm{T}}})$cAcB] of the ATSO saponification reaction were determined by combining the chemical reaction rate equation of the elementary reaction, the Arrhenius equation, and the NaOH concentration in the substrate. Finally, the mixed fatty acids of ATSO were crystallized by triple‐stage low‐temperature crystallization, and we achieved 25.05% purity for NA. This study provides a technological basis and strategy for specific fatty acid production from ASTO, as well as other vegetable oils important in the field of food and health supplement products. Practical Application Nervonic acid (NA) is an essential component of neural cells and neural tissue, and it is vital for maintaining the normal work of nerve tissues in organisms and promotes neurodevelopment. NA has traditionally been mainly obtained from shark hunting, which is now restricted due to an international ban on shark fishing. The alternative way to produce NA cheaply and in large quantities is from plant sources. The techniques utilized in this study provide an effective method of NA separation from Acer truncatum seed oil for industrial production.

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Section: Effect Of Reaction Temperature On the Saponification Hydroly...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization technology and kinetic studies of Acer truncatum seed oil saponification and crystallization separation of nervonic acid

Fan

Zan

et al. 2022

Journal of Food Science

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“…Hence, hot saponification was carried out using an organic solvent with a relatively low boiling point [6] (i.e., 78.37 • C at Standard Pressure and Temperature [STP] for ethanol) and pyrogallol was used as a radical sink to protect the compounds of interest. However, the improvement in recovery was achieved by increasing the temperature to 80 • C. A procedure that might be justified as (i) the thermal effect must be sufficient to break the cell walls from the avocado fruit and provide a rapid molecular diffusion to promote reaction; (ii) higher temperatures increase solubility of lipophilic compounds and enhance kinetics of saponification (i.e., favors localized "hot spots" which deliver sufficient energy for the molecules to react) [42]. We chose hot saponification to diminish reaction time; a similar approach has been reported elsewhere [43].…”

Section: Performance During Saponificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous LC/MS Analysis of Carotenoids and Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Costa Rican Avocados (Persea americana Mill.)

et al. 2019

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Avocado (a fruit that represents a billion-dollar industry) has become a relevant crop in global trade. The benefits of eating avocados have also been thoroughly described as they contain important nutrients needed to ensure biological functions. For example, avocados contain considerable amounts of vitamins and other phytonutrients, such as carotenoids (e.g., β-carotene), which are fat-soluble. Hence, there is a need to assess accurately these types of compounds. Herein we describe a method that chromatographically separates commercial standard solutions containing both fat-soluble vitamins (vitamin A acetate and palmitate, Vitamin D2 and D3, vitamin K1, α-, δ-, and γ-vitamin E isomers) and carotenoids (β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein, β-carotene, and lycopene) effectively (i.e., analytical recoveries ranging from 80.43% to 117.02%, for vitamins, and from 43.80% to 108.63%). We optimized saponification conditions and settled at 80 °C using 1 mmol KOH L−1 ethanol during 1 h. We used a non-aqueous gradient that included methanol and methyl tert-butyl ether (starting at an 80:20 ratio) and a C30 chromatographic column to achieve analyte separation (in less than 40 min) and applied this method to avocado, a fruit that characteristically contains both types of compounds. We obtained a method with good linearity at the mid to low range of the mg L−1 (determination coefficients 0.9006–0.9964). To determine both types of compounds in avocado, we developed and validated for the simultaneous analysis of carotenoids and fat-soluble vitamins based on liquid chromatography and single quadrupole mass detection (LC/MS). From actual avocado samples, we found relevant concentrations for cholecalciferol (ranging from 103.5 to 119.5), δ-tocopherol (ranging from 6.16 to 42.48), and lutein (ranging from 6.41 to 15.13 mg/100 g dry weight basis). Simmonds cultivar demonstrated the higher values for all analytes (ranging from 0.03 (zeaxanthin) to 119.5 (cholecalciferol) mg/100 g dry weight basis).

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“…Especially on a freshwater, fast-growing green alga Chorella vulgaris, has different lipid production capabilities (50% of dry weight) under natural conditions [18]. Its mixotrophic growth modes with the different kinds of major and minor nutrient sources and development of cultivation designs for application of a renewable diesel for biorefinery have been investigated [19][20][21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical Approach of Nutrient Optimization for Microalgae Cultivation

Bunkaew

Kongruang

2020

E3S Web Conf.

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The Plackett-Burman Design (PBD) was applied to study fresh water microalgae cultivation using Chlorella sp. TISTR 8411 to select the influential nutrient factors for biomass and lipid production. The PBD for 13 trials from 11 nutrient factors with 3 levels was studied in the mixotrophic cultivation at 28 0C under 16:8 light and dark photoperiods over 7 days of cultivation time. Two influential factors were chosen as glucose and cobalt chloride hexahydrate to further design via Box-Behnken Design (BBD) in order to optimize the cultivation of this microalgae for biodiesel production. The 17 trials of 3 factors and 3 levels of BBD experimental design technique were applied with varying factors of glucose (20-40 g/L), cobalt chloride hexahydrate (0.01-0.04 mg/L) and light intensity (4,500-7,500 Lux) under 16:8 light and dark photoperiods over 7 days of cultivation time at 28 0C. Result showed that Chlorella sp. TISTR 8411 cultivation yield 0.52 g/L biomass and 0.31 g/L lipid production resulting in approximately 60% of lipid production when cultivated in 20.05 g/L glucose, 0.04 mg/L CoCl26H2O under light intensity of 4,614 Lux with the supplementation of 4.38 g/L NaHCO3 coupled with 1 g/L of both NaNO3 and KH2PO4. Under statically mixotrophic cultivation, result indicated that Chlorella sp. TISTR 8411 had potential to produce high lipid content for biodiesel application and biomass production for nutraceutical application. Further experiment with the longer cultivation period up to 2 weeks would implement not only for monitoring the growth kinetics but also evaluating the suitable type of fatty acid production.

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Production of high purity biodiesel through direct saponification of wet biomass of Chlorella protothecoides in a low cost microwave reactor: Kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Cited by 13 publications

References 28 publications

Optimization technology and kinetic studies of Acer truncatum seed oil saponification and crystallization separation of nervonic acid

Optimization technology and kinetic studies of Acer truncatum seed oil saponification and crystallization separation of nervonic acid

Simultaneous LC/MS Analysis of Carotenoids and Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Costa Rican Avocados (Persea americana Mill.)

Statistical Approach of Nutrient Optimization for Microalgae Cultivation

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