Production of High Internal Phase Emulsion with a Miniature Twin Screw Extruder

Abstract

Emulsions are traditionally prepared by batched emulsifying an oil phase and aqueous phase with a magnetic/mechanical stirrer, homogenizer, or ultrasonic machine, etc. Herein, high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) produced with a miniature twin screw extruder were first investigated. Adding an oil phase (the mixture of styrene, divinylbenzene, and span 80) and aqueous phase to the inlet of a miniature twin screw extruder, a series of white and viscous HIPEs were obtained at the outlet of the extruder. With the screw rotation speed and the surfactant content varied respectively in the ranges of 50–200 rpm and 5–20%, a series of HIPEs having uniform droplet size were produced. Polymerizing these HIPEs caused a series of polymerized HIPES, which have a well-defined open-cell structure. The method developed herein shows that it is possible to prepare emulsions with oil and water by twin screw extrusion. Also, it may also cause a continuous preparation of HIPEs when the miniature twin screw extruder was replaced by an industrial extruder.

Basic Principles of Emulsion Templating and Its Use as an Emerging Manufacturing Method of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds

“…For example, an increase in the porosity of PolyHIPEs (or internal phase volume of HIPEs – characteristic of HIPEs and PolyHIPEs corresponds to each other) reduces the density of PolyHIPEs and increases the emulsion viscosity. References for the relations; (a–i) ( Pal and Rhodes, 1985 ; Cameron and Sherrington, 1996 ; Farah et al, 2005 ), (a–g) ( Karageorgiou and Kaplan, 2005 ; Owen et al, 2015 , 2016 ), (a–e) ( Kravchenko et al, 2018 ), (a–c) ( Sušec et al, 2015 ; Kravchenko et al, 2018 ), (a–b) ( Barbetta et al, 2005b ; Owen et al, 2016 ), (a–f) ( Cameron, 2005 ), (b–g) ( Barbetta and Cameron, 2004 ; Owen et al, 2016 ; Aldemir Dikici et al, 2019b ), (c–i) ( Zhou et al, 2019 ), (c–g) ( Lin-Gibson et al, 2007 ; Huš and Krajnc, 2014 ; Aldemir Dikici et al, 2019b ; Kovačič et al, 2019 ), (c–f) ( Cameron, 2005 ), (c–n) ( Lim et al, 2015 ), (d–b) ( Pulko and Krajnc, 2012 ), (d–n) ( Cameron, 2005 ), (e–g) ( Kravchenko et al, 2018 ), (h–c) ( Aldemir Dikici et al, 2019b ), (h–n) ( Aldemir Dikici et al, 2019b ), (h–i) ( Barnes, 1994 ), (i–n) ( Lim et al, 2015 ), (j–i) ( Fan et al, 2018 ; Zhou et al, 2019 ), (j–c) ( Moglia et al, 2011 ; Paterson et al, 2018 ; Zhou et al, 2019 ), (j–n) ( Fan et al, 2018 ), (k–h) ( Aldemir Dikici et al, 2019b ), (k–f) ( Cameron, 2005 ; Pulko et al, 2010 ), (k–n) ( Carnachan et al, 2006 ; Aldemir Dikici et al, 2019b ), (l–c) ( Moglia et al, 2011 ), (l–f) ( Wang et al, 2020 ), (m–h) ( Aldemir Dikici et al, 2019b ), (m–n) ( Carnachan et al, 2006 ; Lim et al, 2015 ), (m–c) ( Carnachan et al, 2006 ; Caldwell et al, 2012 ; Paterson et al, 2018 ...…”

Design and Fabrication of Polyolefin–Acrylic Hybrid Latex Particles

“…Using a twin screw extruder and mechanical dispersion process, we fabricated polyolefin dispersion POD-1 with a composition of 77% ENGAGE 8407, 15% RETAIN 3000, 5% Empicol ESB 70, and 3% Ricon 156, as well as POD-2 with a composition of 80% ENGAGE 8407, 15% RETAIN 3000, and 5% Empicol ESB 70 (all values given on a weight basis; see Materials and Methods section for full details). To provide colloidal stability in these formulations, and on the basis of past reports, ,, we selected RETAIN 3000, a polyethylene functionalized with polar maleic anhydride groups, and Empicol ESB 70, a sodium lauryl ether sulfate surfactant. In addition, we co-dispersed a low molecular weight polybutadiene (Ricon 156; 1,2-vinyl content = 70%) into POD-1 under the hypothesis that subsequent acrylic polymer grafting may be promoted through reactions with the vinyl-functional side chains; for comparison, POD-2 did not contain polybutadiene.…”

“…PODs were fabricated using a continuous process in analogy with previously reported methods − on a KWP ZSK25 twin screw extruder (Krupp Werner & Pfleiderer Corp., Ramsey, NJ) with a 25 mm screw diameter, length/diameter ratio of 48, and rotation speed of 450 rpm. ENGAGE 8407 (60.5 g/min) and RETAIN 3000 (11.3 g/min) were supplied to the feed throat of the extruder via K-Tron loss-in-weight feeders (Coperion K-Tron, Sewell, NJ).…”

Low oil emulsion gel stabilized by defatted Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) protein using high-intensity ultrasound

“…Several novel techniques have been exploited in producing emulsion gels. A miniature twin-screw extruder was first investigated in producing emulsion gel [19] . Alexandre et al reported that the pendant drop method has high potentiality in producing emulsion gels [20] .…”