Production of Gibberellic Acid by Solid-State Fermentation Using Wastes from Rice Processing and Brewing Industry

Agricultural Bioinputs Obtained by Solid-State Fermentation: From Production in Biorefineries to Sustainable Agriculture

“…Due to these characteristics, complex organic nitrogen sources are favorable for the production of GAs. Citric pulp and soy husk 5.9 g/kg of dry substrate [155] Gibberella fujikuroi Rice bran and barley malt residue 10.1 g/kg dry substrate [156] Paecilomyces sp. ZB Cow dung 1.31 g/kg dry substrate [157] Fusarium moniliforme CICC Enzymatic hydrolysate corn stalks 9.48 g/kg dry substrate [158] Gibberella fujikuroi Mixture of rice bran and malt residue 1.3 g/kg dry substrate [159] Fusarium Oxysporum Mixture of sesame bark and wheat straw residue 7.14 g/kg dry substrate [147] However, even with the wide availability of N sources (e.g., organic and inorganic forms), it is not usual to vary nitrogen concentration while SSF occurs due to the difficulty of the operation, which makes it difficult to homogenize the system.…”

Bioprocess of Gibberellic Acid by Fusarium fujikuroi: The Challenge of Regulation, Raw Materials, and Product Yields

“…This available information has allowed that different works can be focused on the use of raw materials with the purpose of solving two problems, the increase of GA 3 production and the waste utilization of residues from different agro-industries. The most employed raw materials are starch [ 68 ], corn flour [ 69 ], wheat bran [ 70 ], rice bran [ 7 ], barley flour, citrus pulp [ 71 ], corn starch [ 72 ], rice flour [ 8 ], and soybean flour [ 73 ], among others.…”

“…The initial operating conditions comprised 75% relative humidity, a temperature of 29 °C, and a pH ranging from 5.5 to 5.8 for five days in a 0.25 L column bioreactor (the authors employed a “high” C:N ratio). The strain Gibberella fujikuroi NRRL 2278 produced the third-highest yield at 1442.85 mg/kg/day [ 7 ]. The medium consisted of unprocessed rice bran, barley malt residue, and glucose, maintained for seven days at a temperature of 28 °C and 70% relative humidity in a 400 mL flask.…”

“… Microorganism Substrate Cultivation Strategy Operation Conditions Production (g/L) Productivity (g/L/day) Ref. G. fujikuroi CDBB H-984 Rice flour 2 g/L Glucose 100 g/L Fluidized immobilized mycelium Optimization temperature, pH and C:N ratio Batch fluidized bioreactor (3.5 L) C:N 36.8 pH 5 30 °C 3 vvm 8 days Around 3900 mg/L 487.50 mg/L/day [ 8 ] G. fujikuroi NRRL 2278 Glucose 40 g/L 30% raw rice bran/70% barley malt residue SSF 2 Agro-industrial wastes from rice processing and brewing industry Batch flask (50 g in 400 mL) 28 °C pH 5–5.5 70% moisture 7 days 10,100 mg/kg 1442.85 mg/kg/day [ 7 ] F. moniliforme LPB03 Citric pulp 30 g Different fermentation systems SSSF 1 , SSF 2 and SmF 3 Column bioreactor (30 g in 0.25 L) 75% moisture 30 mL/min air pH 5.5–5.8 29 °C 5 days SSF 2 results: 7340 mg/kg 1468 mg/kg/day [ 71 ] F. moniliforme M-7121 Starch maize flour 800 g Wheat bran 200 g SSF 2 Optimization moisture, water activity Batch drum reactors (3 L) 60% initial moisture 28 °C Initial pH 5 12 days 21,000 mg/kg 1750 mg/kg/day …”

“…Although the highest yields of GA 3 (1442.85 mg/kg/day and 487.50 mg/L/day) were, respectively, obtained by solid-state and submerged fermentation of F. fujikuroi [ 7 , 8 ], the production levels currently achieved are not representative to cover the demand of the global market. The size of the gibberellin market has been estimated at USD 1.32 billion in 2024, and is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.56% to reach USD 2.06 billion by 2030 [ 9 ].…”